Ozone detection using an integrating sphere as an optical absorption cell

This paper presents a multipass optical absorption cell that is based on a spherical cavity. Ozone concentrations have been detected in the visible region at 603 nm, in the Chappuis band. A 2-inch diameter (50.8 mm) integrating sphere has been modified for use an optical absorption cell. A method of calculating the effective optical path length of the integrating sphere is also presented. It is reported that the effective optical length of the sphere is reduced as the ozone concentration is increased as predicted by the effective path length formula

The potential for development of an NH3 optical fibre gas sensor

This paper describes the potential for the future development of comparatively low cost ultra-violet optical fibre ammonia gas detection systems. The potential for the construction of these systems using low-cost optoelectronic components is described. By experiment, it is shown that sub-ppm limits of detection that can be realised

Additional file 1: of Comparison of electroencephalographic changes in response to acute electrical and thermal stimuli with the tail flick and hot plate test in rats administered with opiorphin

SAS output OPOR rats. Description: SAS output file for statistical analysis of EEG data acquired during this study. (MHT 280 kb

Additional file 2: of Comparison of electroencephalographic changes in response to acute electrical and thermal stimuli with the tail flick and hot plate test in rats administered with opiorphin

Tail flick and hot plate results. Description: SAS output file for statistical analysis of tail flick and hot plate data acquired during this study. (MHT 145 kb

Method for determining the total displacement of villus tips (TD).

<p>A) A spatiotemporal intensity (ST) map taken along an LOI (indicated by the dashed line in (B) situated 20 µm below the villus tip before flow commenced (left arrow on upper border of map) and at the time of maximum displacement (TD) (right arrow on upper border of map). B) Views of the villus from which the ST map was taken before flow commenced and at the time of maximum displacement (right). The square marks a distinctive structural feature used as a reference point. The value of TD is calculated from the difference in the location of the same distinctive feature in the two images.</p

Variation of TD with volumetric flow rate.

<p>A box plot showing the variation of TD with perfusion flow rate is presented. There was no significant variation of TD with flow on ANOVA of logarithmically transformed data.</p

Relationship between local velocity of microbeads and the volumetric perfusion rate.

<p>The local velocity of microbeads were taken in the region 200 µm above the villous tips and determined by mPIV. Physiological flow rates reported during the postprandial period <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0100140#pone.0100140-Bueno1" target="_blank">[20]</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0100140#pone.0100140-Grovum1" target="_blank">[21]</a> are indicated by the shaded region in the plot.</p

Tissue flow cell used in experimental work.

<p>A) Lateral view, B) plan view.</p

Variation of U_x with lengthwise distance from the villous tip.

<p>Flow velocity component at right angles to the long axis of the villi (U_x) were determined 30 µm lateral to the villous image edge at three perfusion flow rates – A) 3.8 mL/min, B) 7.6 mL/min, C) 15.3 mL/min. Zero on both Y axes corresponds to tip of the villus while negative distances are distances below the villous tip. Exponential fits (R² given on each plot) were obtained for all three perfusion rates. The different symbols on each plot represent a different experimental runs on different villi.</p

Relationship between displacement of points along the villous length with distance from the villous tip.

<p>The plot utilized data pooled from all villi*. Displacement is expressed as a percentage of total tip displacement (TD). The regression lines that best fitted the data obtained at each perfusion rate were all linear. * R² values shown are for pooled data. R² values for SLRs of individual villi were all above 0.8 at each flow rate. The dotted lines are 95% confidence intervals.</p