Regression of increases in total daily energy expenditure (MJ/day) and state 4 respiration (pmol O₂/(s·mg muscle·CS activity)) (p<0.02, R² = 0.50).

<p>Regression of increases in total daily energy expenditure (MJ/day) and state 4 respiration (pmol O₂/(s·mg muscle·CS activity)) (p<0.02, R² = 0.50).</p

Baseline and mild cold values of a) total daily energy expenditure, b) activity, c) state 4 respiration, and d) state 3 respiration.

<p>The figures show mean (±SEM) in both situations. * p<0.05, ** p<0.01</p

Induction of transcription factor pathways by exercise.

<p>Transcription factor pathways related to growth, stress response, cAMP signalling and hypoxia were induced by exercise. Transcription factor pathways were identified for the exercising leg using IPA and are displayed in a bar diagram. Genes induced by exercise for the different transcription factors can be found in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0051066#pone.0051066.s005" target="_blank">table S1</a>. Transcription factors with a z-score above 1.5 (or under −1.5) are considered as biologically relevant.</p

Subject characteristics (N = 12).

<p>Values are mean ± standard deviation. HR  =  heart rate, BMI  =  body mass index, VO2MAX  =  maximum oxygen uptake, VO2Peak  =  peak oxygen uptake, Wmax  =  maximum work load.</p

Primer sequences used for qPCR.

<p>Primer sequences used for qPCR.</p

ClueGO network analysis.

<p>Analysis shows significant regulation of several GO categories involved in skeletal muscle development, angiogenesis, inflammation and MAPK cascade in the exercising leg (A; N = 9) and basal metabolism and signalling in the non-exercising leg (B; N = 7). The nodes represent significantly changed GO categories. Lines represent the overlap between different categories. All nodes with a large overlap have a similar colour.</p

Top 20 of most highly induced genes in exercising and non-exercising leg.

<p>A) Left panel shows the top 20 of upregulated genes in the exercising leg (N = 9), right panel the corresponding genes in the non-exercising leg. B) Left panel shows the top 20 of upregulated genes in the non-exercising leg (N = 7), right panel the corresponding genes in the exercising leg. Green is a signal log ratio of −3, red a signal log ratio of 3. Values are displayed per subject to visualize inter-individual differences. FC = fold change, *  = p<0.05, ^#  = p<0.1 between exercising and non-exercising leg.</p

Exercise increases heart rate and plasma levels of FFA, insulin, cortisol and noradrenaline.

<p>Heart rate reserve (%) was calculated based on the heart rate measured during the exercise (N = 12). Plasma glucose, triglyceride, free fatty acids, lactate, insulin, cortisol, adrenaline and noradrenaline were measured before and after exercise (T0 and T1; N = 12) and after 2 hours of recovery (T3; N = 12). a = p<0.05 compared to T0, b = p<0.5 compared to T3, c = p<0.1 compared to T0, p<0.1 compared to T3, repeated measures ANOVA. Depicted is mean ± SEM.</p

Exercise mainly causes upregulation of gene expression in both the exercising and non-exercising leg.

<p>(A) Venn diagram of significantly regulated genes and their overlap. (B) Flowchart of microarray analysis. Heatmaps of all significant genes in the non-exercising (C) and exercising leg (D) N = 9, IQR  =  interquartile range.</p

Predicted relationships from stepwise linear regression analyses; on the x-axis you can find the values predicted by the models by the different parameters in the model, on the y-axis you can find the actual value as measured in the study.

<p>The results were plotted for the following models: (<b>A</b>) Model 1, relationship between actual metabolic flexibility (ΔRER) and the metabolic flexibility predicted by Model 1 (by plasma NEFA and WGD during insulin stimulation), (<b>B</b>) Model 2; relationship between actual basal respiratory exchange ratio (basal RER) and the basal RER predicted by Model 2 (by plasma PCr-recovery half-time, BMI and age), (<b>C</b>) Model 3; relationship between insulin-stimulated respiratory exchange ratio (ins. stim. RER) and the insulin-stimulated RER predicted by Model 3 (by WGD during insulin stimulation), (<b>D</b>) Model 4; relationship between actual PCr-recovery half-time and PCr-recovery half-time predicted by Model 4 (by basal RER and VO2max).</p