FINDING THE RIGHT LETTERS: THE ORIGINS OF THE EARLIEST ENGLISH ALPHABET

The present paper explores the origins in the seventh century of the Old English alphabet. It first surveys the different vernacular alphabets that would have been available as potential models or influences, Runic, Frankish, British (Welsh), and Irish—as well as the Latin alphabet. It then argues for the particular role of the Irish and their alphabet in the formation of the Old English alphabet and its script

適切な文字を求めて－最も古い英語のアルファベットの起源について－

本発表では7世紀の古英語のアルファベットの起源について考察する。まず、見本になった、あるいは、影響を与えた可能性があると思われる様々な国や地域のアルファベット、つまり、ルーン文字、フランク語、ブリトン語（ウェールズ語）、アイルランド語のアルファベットを概観する。そして、アイルランド語とそのアルファベットが古英語のアルファベットとその文字の形成に果たした役割について論じる。原著：パトリック, オニール　日本語要約：和田葉

Implementation of Germline Testing for Prostate Cancer: Philadelphia Prostate Cancer Consensus Conference 2019

PURPOSE: Germline testing (GT) is a central feature of prostate cancer (PCA) treatment, management, and hereditary cancer assessment. Critical needs include optimized multigene testing strategies that incorporate evolving genetic data, consistency in GT indications and management, and alternate genetic evaluation models that address the rising demand for genetic services. METHODS: A multidisciplinary consensus conference that included experts, stakeholders, and national organization leaders was convened in response to current practice challenges and to develop a genetic implementation framework. Evidence review informed questions using the modified Delphi model. The final framework included criteria with strong (\u3e 75%) agreement (Recommend) or moderate (50% to 74%) agreement (Consider). RESULTS: Large germline panels and somatic testing were recommended for metastatic PCA. Reflex testing-initial testing of priority genes followed by expanded testing-was suggested for multiple scenarios. Metastatic disease or family history suggestive of hereditary PCA was recommended for GT. Additional family history and pathologic criteria garnered moderate consensus. Priority genes to test for metastatic disease treatment included BRCA2, BRCA1, and mismatch repair genes, with broader testing, such as ATM, for clinical trial eligibility. BRCA2 was recommended for active surveillance discussions. Screening starting at age 40 years or 10 years before the youngest PCA diagnosis in a family was recommended for BRCA2 carriers, with consideration in HOXB13, BRCA1, ATM, and mismatch repair carriers. Collaborative (point-of-care) evaluation models between health care and genetic providers was endorsed to address the genetic counseling shortage. The genetic evaluation framework included optimal pretest informed consent, post-test discussion, cascade testing, and technology-based approaches. CONCLUSION: This multidisciplinary, consensus-driven PCA genetic implementation framework provides novel guidance to clinicians and patients tailored to the precision era. Multiple research, education, and policy needs remain of importance