Correlating Cleaning Thoroughness with Effectiveness and Briefly Intervening to Affect Cleaning Outcomes: How Clean Is Cleaned?

<div><p>Objectives</p><p>The most efficient approach to monitoring and improving cleaning outcomes remains unresolved. We sought to extend the findings of a previous study by determining whether cleaning thoroughness (dye removal) correlates with cleaning efficacy (absence of molecular or cultivable biomaterial) and whether one brief educational intervention improves cleaning outcomes.</p><p>Design</p><p>Before-after trial.</p><p>Setting</p><p>Newly built community hospital.</p><p>Intervention</p><p>90 minute training refresher with surface-specific performance results.</p><p>Methods</p><p>Dye removal, measured by fluorescence, and biomaterial removal and acquisition, measured with culture and culture-independent PCR-based assays, were clandestinely assessed for eight consecutive months. At this midpoint, results were presented to the cleaning staff (intervention) and assessments continued for another eight consecutive months.</p><p>Results</p><p>1273 surfaces were sampled before and after terminal room cleaning. In the short-term, dye removal increased from 40.3% to 50.0% (not significant). For the entire study period, dye removal also improved but not significantly. After the intervention, the number of rooms testing positive for specific pathogenic species by culturing decreased from 55.6% to 36.6% (not significant), and those testing positive by PCR fell from 80.6% to 53.7% (P = 0.016). For nonspecific biomaterial on surfaces: a) removal of cultivable Gram-negatives (GN) trended toward improvement (P = 0.056); b) removal of any cultivable growth was unchanged but acquisition (detection of biomaterial on post-cleaned surfaces that were contaminant-free before cleaning) worsened (P = 0.017); c) removal of PCR-based detection of bacterial DNA improved (P = 0.046), but acquisition worsened (P = 0.003); d) cleaning thoroughness and efficacy were not correlated.</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>At this facility, a minor intervention or minimally more aggressive cleaning may reduce pathogen-specific contamination, but not without unintended consequences.</p></div

Pathogen Presence by Hospital Unit Type.

<p>Percentage of rooms testing positive for any of seven target organisms associated with hospital-acquired infections by culturing (red bars) or PCR (yellow bars) before and after the cleaning intervention. Blue bars show the percentage of rooms assayed before the intervention and after the intervention.</p

Biomaterial removal and acquisition before and after the training intervention.

<p>Biomaterial removal and acquisition before and after the training intervention.</p

Cleaning Thoroughness (Dye Removal).

<p>Cleaning Thoroughness (Dye Removal).</p

Relationship between DAZO Removal and Cleaning Outcome.

<p>Relationship between DAZO Removal and Cleaning Outcome.</p

Considerations and Challenges of Implementing Next Generation Sequencing Across Large Health Systems.

<p>Considerations and Challenges of Implementing Next Generation Sequencing Across Large Health Systems.</p

Phylogeny of Carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella and Carbapenemase-producing Acinetobacter.

<p>A-C represent the same <i>Klebsiella</i> isolates from the same outbreak event, and Fig 2D–2F represent the same <i>Acinetobacter</i> isolates from a separate same outbreak event. However, depending on the clustering method and software program used, different results can be obtained. This highlights the need for standardized approaches.</p

Overview of Carbapenemase-producing Genotypes in the Health and Surveillance Systems of the U.S. Department of Defense.

<p>Overview of Carbapenemase-producing Genotypes in the Health and Surveillance Systems of the U.S. Department of Defense.</p