Patients’ characteristics.

<p>*CLE: Congenital lobar emphysema, non-ventilated patient; FEF_25–75: forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of forced vital capacity; FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 second; PO₂: arterial partial pressure of oxygen; RDS: Respiratory Distress Syndrome; RV: residual volume; %: percentage of predicted values; sGaw: specific airway conductance; TLC: total lung capacity.</p><p>Patients’ characteristics.</p

Effect of mitochondrial metabolism (aerobic glycolysis) on ASMC proliferation.

<p><b>A. Cell count according to the presence of glucose or not (galactose) in the culture medium.</b> Results are means ± SEM. In galactose + 10% FCS medium, proliferation of neonatal ASMC (open circles, n = 6) is still present, unlike in adult ASMC (closed circles, n = 4). *<i>p < 0</i>.<i>05</i> neonate vs. adult at the corresponding time using MANOVA. <b>B. DNA synthesis according to the presence or absence of glucose in the culture medium.</b> Values are means ± SEM. After 24h in a glucose-free (galactose) medium, neonatal ASMC (white bars, n = 5), DNA synthesis is still present, in contrast with adult ASMC (black bars, n = 3). *<i>p</i> < 0.05 using Mann-Whitney U-test.</p

Proliferation of neonatal and adlult cultured human airway smooth muscle cells in the presence of pro-inflammatory stimuli.

<p>Results are means ± SEM. Values were normalized to proliferation in ITS medium. Cells cultured in 100 ng/ml IL-4 (black bars, adults; white bars, neonates)), IL-6, TNFalpha or 10^-4M Histamine, SLIGKV were assayed 24 following synchronization in ITS medium. There were no significant difference between the 2 age groups regarding all experimental conditions (N = 3 to 6 per group, Mann-Whitney U-test).</p

Cytosolic calcium response to histamine (10^-5M) on day 1 of ITS medium.

<p>Mean ± SEM. N = 6 (Neonate) and 3 (Adult). Comparisons between populations using Mann & Whitney U-test.</p><p>Cytosolic calcium response to histamine (10^-5M) on day 1 of ITS medium.</p

Porin expression according to age groups.

<p><b>A. Immunoblot for porin and actin in neonatal and adult ASMC. B. Expression of porin in human cultured ASMC.</b> A significant difference between the two cell populations after incubation in ITS medium for 1 day was found (neonates, white bars, n = 4 and adults, black bars, n = 3, *<i>p < 0</i>.<i>05</i> neonate vs. adult using Mann-Whitney U-test.</p

Proliferation of neonatal and adult cultured human airway smooth muscle cells in the presence of FCS and PDGF-AA.

<p><b>A. Cell counts according to time.</b> Results are means ± SEM. In glucose + 10% FCS medium, ASMC proliferation was greater in neonatal cells (open symbols, n = 5) vs. adult cells (closed symbols, n = 5). *<i>p</i> < 0.05 neonate vs. adult at the corresponding time using MANOVA. <b>B. DNA synthesis in adult and neonatal cultured human airway smooth muscle cells.</b> Results are means ± SEM. Values were normalized to proliferation in ITS medium. Cells cultured in 10% FCS (white bars, neonates, n = 5; black bars, adults, n = 7)), 15 ng/ml PDGF-AA (neonate, n = 4; adults, n = 10). *<i>p</i> < 0.05 using Mann-Whitney U-test.</p

Expression of serine peptidase inhibitor, clade B (ovalbumin), member 2 (serpinB2) mRNA in control and asthmatic children in unstimulated and stimulated (TNFalpha ± dexamethasone) airway epithelial cells.

<p>See <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0177051#pone.0177051.g001" target="_blank">Fig 1</a> for legends.</p

Expression of LIF mRNA in control and asthmatic children in unstimulated and stimulated (TNFalpha ± Dexamethasone) airway epithelial cells.

<p>See <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0177051#pone.0177051.g001" target="_blank">Fig 1</a> for legends.</p

Expression of FK506-binding protein 51 (FKBP51) mRNA in control and asthmatic children in unstimulated and stimulated (TNFalpha + Dexamethasone) airway epithelial cells.

<p>Control patients, n = 8; controlled asthma, n = 6; uncontrolled asthma, n = 4. Results are means ± SEM. * <i>p</i> < 0.05.</p

Expression of IL-6 mRNA in control and asthmatic children in unstimulated and stimulated (TNFalpha ± Dexamethasone) airway epithelial cells.

<p>See <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0177051#pone.0177051.g001" target="_blank">Fig 1</a> for legends.</p