Effect of allopurinol on the treatment of chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Introduction: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined by glomerular filtration rates (GFR) of less than 60 mL/min per 1.73 m2 or albumin to creatinine ratios of greater than 30 mg/g in urine for at least three months. Patients with CKD are at risk of developing the condition, leading to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). On the other hand, hyperuricemia can result in renal failure, increased blood pressure, fibrosis, and the progression of failure. In this study, using the meta-analysis method, we are looking to investigate the effect of allopurinol on the treatment of chronic renal failure. Materials and Methods: In this meta-analysis, which was written based on PRISMA (the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) protocol, International databases including Cochrane, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar search engine were searched. The data were analyzed using STATA (version 14) software, and the significance level of tests was considered P<0.05. Results: In 13 studies with a sample of 1172 people, allopurinol significantly reduced the serum level of uric acid (SMD: -1.28; 95% CI: -1.74, -0.82) more than the control group (SMD: -0.96; 95% CI: -2.09, 0.17). Additionally, allopurinol reduced the systolic blood pressure level by (SMD: -0.32; 95% CI: -0.54, -0.11) mm Hg and it was effective in reducing diastolic blood pressure level by (SMD: -0.39; 95% CI: -0.60, -0.17) mm Hg. However, the difference in scores GFR, proteinuria, cystatin C, before and after allopurinol were not statistically significant. In the control group, the difference in scores before and after the intervention was not significant in any of the above-mentioned cases. Conclusion: In CKD, allopurinol is effective in reducing blood pressure and uric acid levels. However, due to the limited number of studies and the different type of treatment in the control group of the studied studies, it is suggested to conduct more studies in this field. Registration: This study has been compiled based on the PRISMA checklist, and its protocol was registered on the PROSPERO website (ID=CRD42022371439, regional ethical code #IR.IAU. NAJAFABAD.REC.1399.140)

The effect of grape-seed oil on diabetes-related hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and inflammation in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Background: Grape-seed oil has diverse biological functions and is beneficial in treating metabolic complications, such as metabolic syndrome, obesity, diabetes, and dyslipidemia. The purpose of this study was to investigate the anti-hyperglycemic, anti-dyslipidemic, and anti-inflammatory effects of Grape-seed oil in diabetic rats. Materials and methods: 16 streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats were used in this study. Diabetic rats were randomly allocated to either of two groups (n = 8): diabetic rats treated with grape-seed oil or diabetic control. Grape-seed oil (GSO) (25 mg/kg BW) was administered orally for 40 days, and at the end, blood samples were taken directly from the heart. Results: Diabetic rats treated with oil compared to control diabetic rats demonstrated a significant (p = 0.001) decline in serum glucose concentration. High plasma concentrations of TG, LDL, and VLDL were reduced (p = 0.001, p = 0.001, p = 0.001, respectively). Surprisingly, between inflammatory markers, TNF-α was significantly (p = 0.02) increased. Furthermore, GSO-treated diabetic rats experienced a significant (p = 0.014) weight gain during the study. However, total cholesterol, HDL, and CRP levels did not change significantly. Conclusion: Treatment with grape-seed oil ameliorated dyslipidemia and hyperglycemia in diabetic rats. However, further investigations in peculiar clinical studies are required.</p

The effect of grape-seed oil on diabetes-related hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and inflammation in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Background: Grape-seed oil has diverse biological functions and is beneficial in treating metabolic complications, such as metabolic syndrome, obesity, diabetes, and dyslipidemia. The purpose of this study was to investigate the anti-hyperglycemic, anti-dyslipidemic, and anti-inflammatory effects of Grape-seed oil in diabetic rats. Materials and methods: 16 streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats were used in this study. Diabetic rats were randomly allocated to either of two groups (n = 8): diabetic rats treated with grape-seed oil or diabetic control. Grape-seed oil (GSO) (25 mg/kg BW) was administered orally for 40 days, and at the end, blood samples were taken directly from the heart. Results: Diabetic rats treated with oil compared to control diabetic rats demonstrated a significant (p = 0.001) decline in serum glucose concentration. High plasma concentrations of TG, LDL, and VLDL were reduced (p = 0.001, p = 0.001, p = 0.001, respectively). Surprisingly, between inflammatory markers, TNF-α was significantly (p = 0.02) increased. Furthermore, GSO-treated diabetic rats experienced a significant (p = 0.014) weight gain during the study. However, total cholesterol, HDL, and CRP levels did not change significantly. Conclusion: Treatment with grape-seed oil ameliorated dyslipidemia and hyperglycemia in diabetic rats. However, further investigations in peculiar clinical studies are required.</p

Effect of CDH1 and CDH2 genes polymorphisms in oral squamous cell carcinoma susceptibility in a sample of Iranian population: A case‐control study

Abstract Background and Aims Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a global malignant epithelial neoplasm affecting the oral cavity. Cadherins, as an adhesion molecule, are involved in cell−cell interaction. We aim to study the effect of two cadherin polymorphisms on OSCC risk in southeast of Iran. Methods In this case‐control study, 94 individuals (47 OSCC cases and 47 controls), that referred to the Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Iran were included. Cadherin single nucleotide polymorphisms CDH1 (rs16260) and CDH2 (rs11564299) were genotyped by the tetra‐Amplification Refractory Mutation System—PCR technique. Results N‐cadherin genotyping showed that the AA, AG, and AG + GG were presented 78.7%, 17%, 21.3% versus 66%, 29.7%, 34% in the cases and the control group, respectively. AG genotype was more common in control than case (OR = 0.47, 95% CI: 0.17−1.29, p = 0.14). G allele was more prevalent in control (19.1%) than the case group (12.8%) (OR = 0.61, 95% CI: 0.27−1.36, p = 0.23). In E‐cadherin, AC, AA, and AC + AA genotypes frequency were 17%, 12.8%, and 29.8% in case versus 8.5%, 8.5%, and 17% in the control group. Allele A was more common in the case than the control group (OR = 1.84, 95% CI: 0.84−4.03, p = 0.12). Also, AA and CC, the codominant genotypes were common in CDH2 and CDH1 respectively in all histopathological grades, and no statically significant association was observed between OSCC different histopathological grades and cadherin genotypes (p = 0.39 in N‐cadherin, p = 0.74 in E‐cadherin). Conclusion Our results showed a lack of association between CDH1 and CDH2 gene polymorphisms with OSCC risk in a population of Southeastern of Iran

Seroepidemiology of hepatitis E in mental retardation in Birjand city in 2017

Background and Aim: Hepatitis E is a viral disease transmitted through contaminated water, which is most commonly reported as an epidemic. Mental retardation among high-risk groups are at high risk of infection, Therefore, the present study was designed and conducted to evaluate the seroepidemiology of hepatitis E in mentally retarded individuals. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive-analytic study was performed on 300 clients in Birjand and they were selected by the census. The Diapro Anti-Hev-IgG kit was used in this study. Data were collected by SPSS software (revision 19) and descriptive statistics were analyzed by Chi-square and Mann-Whitney tests at the level of α: 0.05. Results: Of the 300 individuals selected, a total of 267 subjects were included: 180 (67.5%) male and 87 (32.5%) female were included in the study, 62 of which (23.1%) had E-positive hepatitis and 205 (76.5%) had E-negative hepatitis. The results of the study showed that there was no significant relationship between sex and positive serology of hepatitis E, but there was a direct correlation between age and age of entering the center with positive hepatitis E serology(P=0/001). Also, the relationship between hepatitis E serology and duration of stay in the center was not significant (P = 0/27). Conclusion: The high prevalence of hepatitis E in mentally retarded individuals is alarming and emphasizes the need for appropriate screening and hygiene strategies

Role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in cancer

Abstract Inflammasomes are large intracellular multi-protein signalling complexes that are formed in the cytosolic compartment as an inflammatory immune response to endogenous danger signals. The formation of the inflammasome enables activation of an inflammatory protease caspase-1, pyroptosis initiation with the subsequent cleaving of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β and proIL-18 to produce active forms. The inflammasome complex consists of a Nod-like receptor (NLR), the adapter apoptosis-associated speck-like (ASC) protein, and Caspase-1. Dysregulation of NLRP3 inflammasome activation is involved tumor pathogenesis, although its role in cancer development and progression remains controversial due to the inconsistent findings described. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the contribution of the NLRP3 inflammasome on potential cancer promotion and therapy

Protective effects of curcumin on ischemia/reperfusion injury

Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is a term used to describe phenomena connected to the dysfunction of various tissue damage due to reperfusion after ischemic injury. While I/R may result in systemic inflammatory response syndrome or multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, there is still a long way to improve therapeutic outcomes. A number of cellular metabolic and ultrastructural alterations occur by prolonged ischemia. Ischemia increases the expression of proinflammatory gene products and bioactive substances within the endothelium, such as cytokines, leukocytes, and adhesion molecules, even as suppressing the expression of other “protective” gene products and substances, such as thrombomodulin and constitutive nitric oxide synthase (e.g., prostacyclin, nitric oxide [NO]). Curcumin is the primary phenolic pigment derived from turmeric, the powdered rhizome of Curcuma longa. Numerous studies have shown that curcumin has strong antiinflammatory and antioxidant characteristics. It also prevents lipid peroxidation and scavenges free radicals like superoxide anion, singlet oxygen, NO, and hydroxyl. In our study, we highlight the mechanisms of protective effects of curcumin against I/R injury in various organs

Novel Insights to Celiac Disease: A review article

Celiac disease is a chronic, systemic and autoimmune disorder of gastrointestinal track that involves approximately 1% of individuals of all ages throughout the world. The collaboration of environmental factor such as gluten proteins and genetic factors, notably HLA-DQ2 and/or HLA-DQ8 trigger the disease. Gluten-free diet is the simply and merely safe and proficient existing treatment. This article summarizes the latest trends in celiac disease