School Choice Overseas: Are Parents Citizens or Consumers?

Currently, some Korean parents are educating their children in primary and secondary schools in foreign countries even though Korean schools demonstrate high performance as confirmed by the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) Report. Using Hirschman's (1970) framework of "exit" and "voice," this study investigated characteristics of exiting parents and their reasons for educating their child(ren) in foreign schools. This study also examined the organizational, political and educational context of Korea, including the High School Equalization Policy (HSEP), private tutoring, change in the study abroad law, and the role these play in leading some families to leave their domestic local schools. A survey questionnaire was administered to two groups of parents - parents whose children attend school domestically (staying parents) and parents whose children attend school abroad (exiting parents). Purposive sampling was implemented for data collection. Analysis employed logistic regression to assess which factors significantly contributed to the decision to exit or to stay. This study's finding confirmed Hirschman's argument that exit may increase when opportunities for voice are limited. Before choosing schools in foreign countries, exiting Korean parents expressed their voice more actively at the school level than did staying parents. While exiting parents were prone to speak directly to the teachers, principals, and school staff at the school level, staying parents were more likely to vocalize their voice through city and national level elections by actively demonstrating political action by casting ballots. Staying parents were more likely to choose their children's school by residential choice. In evaluating Korean schools, exiting parents gave lower marks to the local schools where their children attended while scoring Korean schools in general higher

Multiscale Thermal Design for Buildings

This dissertation investigates the principles, processes, and strategies to develop multiscale material systems for buildings that interact with heat in novel ways. The overall theoretical framework consists of (1) utilizing the multiscale configuration of biological material systems as the principle for the design of building element; (2) using the shape and size of heat flow as the key parameter for the design and optimization of the building elements; and (3) applying the principles of materials and material processes for selecting and configuring the material systems. This framework is examined in Part I through literature review and case studies; and implemented in Part II through a series of experiments for the designing, prototyping and testing a thermally augmented building envelope system. The results of the analytical model and the physical testing show strong correlations which validate the usage of the analytical model in the thermal optimization of building elements at a wide range of geometric and temperature variations. To evaluate the performance of the system standards including the recommended U-value for building envelopes and the targeted ventilation and heat recovery rate per occupant is used. The overall dissertation can provide architects with the essential knowledge and strategies for developing thermally augmented building elements. Similarly, the research can also inform the scientists and engineers on the thermal design constraints and opportunities relating to building applications. Although this research is focused on heat as the key environmental factor, the theoretical framework can be extended to other factors such as light and sound

Happiness Education: International Use of Floating Signifiers in Education Policy // 행복교육: 교육정책에서의 부유기표와 의도적 언어 오용

Over the past decade, the concept of ‘happiness’ has been promoted by global agencies and national education authorities as a solution to the social problems of high teenager suicide rates, school bullying, and increasing socioeconomic polarization. This article considers ‘HEP: Happiness Education Policy’ in Korea, which was initiated by conservative Park Geun-hye administration (2013-2017) and partly succeeded by the subsequent progressive Moon Jae-in administration (2017-2022). The analysis reveals that the definitional ambiguity of happiness education has opened a space for multiple ascriptions of meanings, particularly those that are in line with the Park administration’s political and economic visions of ‘creative economy’. It also demonstrates that policies introduced as part of the HEP, such as the Free Semester initiative, have continued to be promoted and even expanded by Moon administration (2017-2022) despite their replacement of the signifier ‘happiness’ by ‘innovation’ and ‘future’. Therefore, this study suggests happiness education and, more lately, future education as good examples of ‘floating signifiers’; that is, by lacking a clear referent, they minimize political objections and legitimate the introduction and continuation of contested reforms. // 본 연구는 정책 전이 및 차용 이론에 근거하여 박근혜 정부의 ‘꿈과 끼를 키우는 행복교육 을 중심으로 정책 명칭과 관련된 언어의 의도적 오용 현상에 대해 분석하였다. 행복교육의 경우 OECD가 인도적 전환(humanitarian turn)을 시도하며 2012 국제 학업성취도 평가 (PISA)에 처음 도입한 행복 및 웰빙 문항들로 구체화되어 전이 되었다. 대한민국 학생들의 낮은 삶의 만족도에 대한 사회적 논란과 북유럽 교육에 대한 환상이 ‘대선’이라는 이벤트와 결합해 ‘행복 교육 이라는 대안으로 차용되었다. 최근 OECD에서는 ‘행복 및 ‘웰빙 이라는 용어들이 교육 성과의 척도를 넘어서 미래 우수 인력이 필수적으로 지녀야할 자질 및 역량으로 강조되는 등 인도적 전환의 색채가 지워지고 있다. 현 문재인 정부에서도 자유학년제 등 이전 정부의 행복교육 기조 아래 등장했던 정책과제들이 계속해서 이어지고 있으나, 기존 ‘행복 이라는 수식어는 미래, 혁신, 공정, 평등 등 새로운 용어로 변화하였다. 그러나 행복교육과 마찬가지로, ‘혁신 , ‘미래 등의 용어가 의미하는 바에 대해서는 의미가 불분명하여 해석 및 사용이 자의적으로 이루어지고 있다. 본 연구는 이런 수식어들이 교육정책 도입을 정당화하는 하나의 ‘부유 기표 (floating signifier)로 작용하고 있으며, 이와 같은 언어의 의도적 오용 현상은 암묵적인 양당의 합의 (bipartisanship)로 강화되었음을 밝혔다

Dynamic daylight control system implementing thin cast arrays of polydimethylsiloxane-based millimeter-scale transparent louvers

The deep building layouts typical in the U.S. have led to a nearly complete reliance on artificial lighting in standard office buildings. The development of daylight control systems that maximize the penetration and optimize the distribution of natural daylight in buildings has the potential for saving a significant portion of the energy consumed by artificial lighting, but existing systems are either static, costly, or obstruct views towards the outside. We report the Dynamic Daylight Control System (DDCS) that integrates a thin cast transparent polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-based deformable array of louvers and waveguides within a millimeter-scale fluidic channel system. This system can be dynamically tuned to the different climates and sun positions to control daylight quality and distribution in the interior space. The series of qualitative and quantitative tests confirmed that DDCS exceeds conventional double glazing system in terms of reducing glare near the window and distributing light to the rear of the space. The system can also be converted to a visually transparent or a translucent glazing by filling the channels with an appropriate fluid. DDCS can be integrated or retrofitted to conventional glazing systems and allow for diffusivity and transmittance control.Chemistry and Chemical Biolog

Therapeutic potential of CKD-506, a novel selective histone deacetylase 6 inhibitor, in a murine model of rheumatoid arthritis

Abstract Objectives Histone deacetylase (HDAC) 6 promotes inflammation. We investigated the anti-arthritic effects of CKD-506, a novel HDAC6 inhibitor, in vitro and in a murine model of arthritis as a novel treatment option for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods HDAC6 was overexpressed in mouse peritoneal macrophages and RAW 264.7 cells, and the effects of a HDAC6 inhibitor CKD-506 on cytokine production and activity of NF-κB and AP-1 signaling were examined. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from RA patients and fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) were activated in the presence of CKD-506. Next, regulatory T cells (Tregs) were induced from RA patients and co-cultured with healthy effector T cells (Teffs) and cell proliferation was analyzed by flow cytometry. Finally, the effects of the inhibitor on the severity of arthritis were assessed in a murine model of adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA). Results Overexpression of HDAC6 induced macrophages to produce TNF-α and IL-6. The inhibitory effect of CKD-506 was mediated via blockade of NF-κB and AP-1 activation. HDAC6 inhibition reduced TNF-α and IL-6 production by activated RA PBMCs. CKD-506 inhibited production of MMP-1, MMP-3, IL-6, and IL-8 by activated FLS. In addition, CKD-506 inhibited proliferation of Teffs directly and indirectly by improving iTreg function. In AIA rats, oral CKD-506 improved clinical arthritis in a dose-dependent manner. A combination of sub-therapeutic CKD-506 and methotrexate exerted a synergistic effect. Conclusion The novel HDAC6 inhibitor CKD-506 suppresses inflammatoryresponses by monocytes/macrophages, improves Treg function, and ameliorates arthritis severity in a murine model of RA. Thus, CKD-506 might be a novel and effective treatment option for RA

Inhibition of histone deacetylase 6 suppresses inflammatory responses and invasiveness of fibroblast-like-synoviocytes in inflammatory arthritis

Background To investigate the effects of inhibiting histone deacetylase (HDAC) 6 on inflammatory responses and tissue-destructive functions of fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods FLS from RA patients were activated with interleukin (IL)-1β in the presence of increasing concentrations of M808, a novel specific HDAC6 inhibitor. Production of ILs, chemokines, and metalloproteinases (MMPs) was measured in ELISAs. Acetylation of tubulin and expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 were assessed by Western blotting. Wound healing and adhesion assays were performed. Cytoskeletal organization was visualized by immunofluorescence. Finally, the impact of HDAC6 inhibition on the severity of arthritis and joint histology was examined in a murine model of adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA). Results HDAC6 was selectively inhibited by M808. The HDAC6 inhibitor suppressed the production of MMP-1, MMP-3, IL-6, CCL2, CXCL8, and CXCL10 by RA-FLS in response to IL-1β. Increased acetylation of tubulin was associated with decreased migration of RA-FLS. Inhibiting HDAC6 induced cytoskeletal reorganization in RA-FLS by suppressing the formation of invadopodia following activation with IL-1β. In addition, M808 tended to decrease the expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1. In the AIA arthritis model, M808 improved the clinical arthritis score in a dose-dependent manner. Also, HDAC6 inhibition was associated with less severe synovial inflammation and joint destruction. Conclusion Inhibiting HDAC6 dampens the inflammatory and destructive activity of RA-FLS and reduces the severity of arthritis. Thus, targeting HDAC6 has therapeutic potential.This study was supported by a grant from the Korea Health Technology R&D Project through the Korea Health Industry Development Institute (KHIDI), funded by the Ministry of Health & Welfare, Republic of Korea (grant number:HI14C1277); the Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning (NRF2020M3E5E2037430, 2019M3A9A8065574); and the Chong Kun Dang Pharmaceutical Corp. TP was supported by the DFG (FOR2722)

Faculty Publications for Academic Year 2018-19

Faculty publications of School of Architecture for the academic year 2018- 201

TOPO-Joint: Reliability-based topology optimization framework for 3D-printed building joints

A Reliability-based Topology Optimization framework with the integration of a parametric design process and additive manufacturing technique is proposed in this paper. The proposed method is applied to design architectural and structural joints subjected to uncertain load and material property. Optimal joint designs from various architectural and structural design consideration are discussed through numerical applications. A study is conducted on the comparison between deterministic and reliability-based topology optimization approaches