655 research outputs found
Thermal photon production in Gubser inviscid relativistic fluid dynamics
The Gubser solution to inviscid relativistic fluid dynamics is used to
examine the role of transverse expansion on the energy spectrum of photons
radiated by quark-gluon plasma. Transverse flow is shown to be a modest effect
on the energy spectrum of photons as a whole, despite its large effect on rare
high-energy photons produced at low temperatures. An exact expression is
derived for the volume of the plasma as a function of its temperature. A simple
formula is obtained for the energy spectrum of high-energy thermal photons,
which is used to relate the inverse slope of the photon
spectrum at energy to the maximum temperature of the plasma , finding
.Comment: 6 pages, 5 figures; v2: added exact formula for Gubser volume, fixed
definition of effective temperature, updated text accordingl
Applications of emulation and Bayesian methods in heavy-ion physics
Heavy-ion collisions provide a window into the properties of many-body
systems of deconfined quarks and gluons. Understanding the collective
properties of quarks and gluons is possible by comparing models of heavy-ion
collisions to measurements of the distribution of particles produced at the end
of the collisions. These model-to-data comparisons are extremely challenging,
however, because of the complexity of the models, the large amount of
experimental data, and their uncertainties. Bayesian inference provides a
rigorous statistical framework to constrain the properties of nuclear matter by
systematically comparing models and measurements.
This review covers model emulation and Bayesian methods as applied to
model-to-data comparisons in heavy-ion collisions. Replacing the model outputs
(observables) with Gaussian process emulators is key to the Bayesian approach
currently used in the field, and both current uses of emulators and related
recent developments are reviewed. The general principles of Bayesian inference
are then discussed along with other Bayesian methods, followed by a systematic
comparison of seven recent Bayesian analyses that studied quark-gluon plasma
properties, such as the shear and bulk viscosities. The latter comparison is
used to illustrate sources of differences in analyses, and what it can teach us
for future studies.Comment: 52 page
Initial conditions for hydrodynamics from kinetic theory equilibration
We use effective kinetic theory to study the pre-equilibrium dynamics in
heavy-ion collisions. We describe the evolution of linearized energy
perturbations on top of out-of-equilibrium background to the energy-momentum
tensor at a time when hydrodynamics becomes applicable. We apply this
description to IP-Glasma initial conditions and find an overall smooth
transition to hydrodynamics. In a phenomenologically favorable range of
values, early time dynamics can be accurately described in terms of a
few functions of a scaled time variable . Our framework can be
readily applied to other initial state models to provide the pre-equilibrium
dynamics of the energy momentum tensor.Comment: 5 pages, 5 figures, Proceedings for the 26th International Conference
on Ultrarelativistic Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions (Quark Matter 2017), February
5-11 2017, Chicago, Illinois, US
Le système financier bas-canadien au tournant du XIXe siècle
This paper examines the evolution of the Canadian financial system from its embryonic form in New France to its modern contours in the first half of the 19th century. It is argued that the financial sub-system as a social technology experienced a mutation at the turn of the 19th century, as the result of unintended consequence of a combination of external, internal, and policy forces
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