Thermal Study of 155 mm Gun Barrel

Thermal analysis of 155 Gun barrel is an important aspect of designing the gun barrel and deciding the maximum firing rate. The performance of any artillery depends upon the thermal behaviour of the gun barrel among various factors, and its availability for continuous firing depends on the maximum bore temperature and cook-off time of the barrel. In this paper, the effect of maximum bore temperature, cook-off, active cooling is reviewed. Heat transfer to the gun barrel surface is calculated using analytical analysis with given ammunition parameters. Analytical and finite element analysis of maximum bore temperature and cook-off time is also included. Finite element analysis of external Jacket water cooling of the barrel shows that the gun can fire continuously at three rounds per minute without reaching cook-off temperature

Modelling of a High Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cell

Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) has been considered as one of the most efficient power generation devices for the coming decades. There are various physical phenomena appearing in SOFC in multi-length and -time scales, such as multi-component gas-phase species/charge flow, thermal energy and mass transfer. Meanwhile, generation and consumption of gas and surface phase species together with electric current production are involved at various active sites of different components of SOFC.In this paper, a numerical study of the thermal and electrochemical performance of a single Integrated Planar Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (IP-SOFC) has been performed. The numerical modelling considers internal reforming through the methane reforming and water gas shift reactions in a Ni-YSZ anode. Next to the description of the electrochemical reactions, the methane/steam reforming and shift reactions, the heat-transfer and the mass-transfer processes have also been included in the model. Keywords: Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC), Integrated Planar Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (IP-SOFC), internal reforming, methane reforming, water gas shift

Pilonidal Sinus : Management through Guggulu Apamarga Ksharasutra

Nowadays Pilonidal Sinus (PNS) is becoming common disease in between 20-30 years of age, in men and mostly dense hairy persons. Commonly it occurs midline over the coccyx. It results in purulent discharge, pain and discomfort. In Ayurvedic practice, there are many surgeons who are practicing classical Ksharasutra management to treat PNS, which is very effective but there are some problems using classical Ksharasutra in the management of PNS, such as discomfort, burning sensation, itching and irritation due to Snuhi-ksheera. So to overcome these problems Guggulu Apamarga Ksharasutra has been used, which is very effective in curing PNS and has no complications. So patients can do their daily routine work without any pain or discomfort

Demographic profile of ocular morbidity in school children in India

Abstract: The aim of the presented study was to find out the prevalence of ocular morbidity in school children in Pune city. It was a cross sectional study. The present study was planned to know the prevalence of ocular morbidity in school children in Pune city, and their correlation with socio demographic profile if any. The study was conducted in urban field practice area of a Medical College in Pune. School children of age 6-16 years of selected urban schools in the field practice area were the study population. The sample size calculated was 866 but 1157 were covered in this study. In present study prevalence of ocular morbidity in students were found 11.58%. So to conclude present study highlights important problem of ocular morbidity in school children. Refractory error was commonest form of ocular morbidity amongst them but most of it was undetected previously

Te mperature Dependent Decline in Soil Methane Oxidizing Bacterial Population in Tropical Dry Deciduous Forest Ecosystems

Abstract: Culturable methanotrophic bacteria (CMB) were studied in the soils of forest and savanna of tropical dry deciduous forest ecosystems employing most probable number (MPN) technique. The spatiotemporal study was conducted at the six sites differing in the soil physicochemical properties and vegetational cover. CMB population was high in the moist sites compared to the dry sites and in sub soil below 10 cm depth. The top soil population ranged between 7.0 × 10 4 to

Usage of Low-dose Glimepiride (0.5 mg) and Metformin Combination in the Management of Type 2 Diabetes Continuum in Indian Setting

Background: To understand the approach of clinicians about the treatment pattern, dosage, efficacy and safety of the combination of low-dose glimepiride (0.5 mg) and metformin fixed-dose combination (FDC) in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) continuum in Indian settings. Methods: This case-based questionnaire survey included health care professionals (n = 112) across India, who were prescribing glimepiride and metformin FDC. Data were collected from the medical records and analyzed. Results: The data of 1,403 patients with T2DM were included. The mean age was 49.1 years and 68.4% of patients were males. The median duration of T2DM was 36 months. A total of 86.7% of patients received glimepiride and metformin FDC as first-line therapy. The most commonly prescribed (71.5%) dosage of glimepiride and metformin was 0.5 mg/500 mg. The titration of the dose was performed in 231 patients, of which 82.7% required up-titration and 17.3% required down-titration. The mean glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and postprandial plasma glucose (PPG) levels reduced significantly (mean change: 1.2%, 36.5 mg/dL and 50.2 mg/dL,respectively) post-treatment. The hypoglycemic event and weight gain were reported in 7.7% and 9.5% of patients, respectively. Overall physician’s global evaluation of efficacy and tolerability was rated good to excellent in the majority of patients (>85%). Conclusion: Results demonstrate low-dose (0.5 mg) glimepiride and metformin FDC is effective in achieving glycemic control through lowering HbA1c, FPG and PPG levels with acceptable safety outcomes

Comparative Genomics Reveals the High Copy Number Variation of a Retro Transposon in Different Magnaporthe Isolates

Magnaporthe oryzae is one of the fungal pathogens of rice which results in heavy yield losses worldwide. Understanding the genomic structure of M. oryzae is essential for appropriate deployment of the blast resistance in rice crop improvement programs. In this study we sequenced two M. oryzae isolates, RML-29 (avirulent) and RP-2421 (highly virulent) and performed comparative study along with three publically available genomes of 70-15, P131, and Y34. We identified several candidate effectors (>600) and isolate specific sequences from RML-29 and RP-2421, while a core set of 10013 single copy orthologs were found among the isolates. Pan-genome analysis showed extensive presence and absence variations (PAVs). We identified isolate-specific genes across 12 isolates using the pan-genome information. Repeat analysis was separately performed for each of the 15 isolates. This analysis revealed ∼25 times higher copy number of short interspersed nuclear elements (SINE) in virulent than avirulent isolate. We conclude that the extensive PAVs and occurrence of SINE throughout the genome could be one of the major mechanisms by which pathogenic variability is emerging in M. oryzae isolates. The knowledge gained in this comparative genome study can provide understandings about the fungal genome variations in different hosts and environmental conditions, and it will provide resources to effectively manage this important disease of rice

Recent Perspectives in Radiation-Mediated DNA Damage and Repair: Role of NHEJ and Alternative Pathways

Radiation is one of the causative agents for the induction of DNA damage in biological systems. There is various possibility of radiation exposure that might be natural, man-made, intentional, or non-intentional. Published literature indicates that radiation mediated cell death is primarily due to DNA damage that could be a single-strand break, double-strand breaks, base modification, DNA protein cross-links. The double-strand breaks are lethal damage due to the breakage of both strands of DNA. Mammalian cells are equipped with strong DNA repair pathways that cover all types of DNA damage. One of the predominant pathways that operate DNA repair is a non-homologous end-joining pathway (NHEJ) that has various integrated molecules that sense, detect, mediate, and repair the double-strand breaks. Even after a well-coordinated mechanism, there is a strong possibility of mutation due to the flexible nature in joining the DNA strands. There are alternatives to NHEJ pathways that can repair DNA damage. These pathways are alternative NHEJ pathways and single-strand annealing pathways that also displayed a role in DNA repair. These pathways are not studied extensively, and many reports are showing the relevance of these pathways in human diseases. The chapter will very briefly cover the radiation, DNA repair, and Alternative repair pathways in the mammalian system. The chapter will help the readers to understand the basic and applied knowledge of radiation mediated DNA damage and its repair in the context of extensively studied NHEJ pathways and unexplored alternative NHEJ pathways

Carpal alignment in distal radial fractures

BACKGROUND: Carpal malalignment following the malunited distal radial fracture is described to develop as an adaptation to realign the hand to the malunion. It worsens gradually after healing of the fracture due to continued loading of the wrist. It is also reported to develop during the immobilization itself rather than after fracture healing. The present work was aimed to study the natural course and the quantitative assessment of such adaptive carpal realignment following distal radial fracture. METHODS: In a prospective study, 118 distal radial fractures treated with different modalities were followed-up with serial radiographs for a year for assessment of various radiological parameters. RESULTS: Two patterns of carpal malalignment were identified depending upon the effective radio-lunate flexion (ERLF) measured on pre-reduction radiographs. The midcarpal malalignment was seen in 98 radial fractures (83%) with the lunate following the dorsiflexed fracture fragment and a measured ERLF of less than 25°. The second pattern of radio-carpal malalignment showed the fracture fragment to dorsiflex without taking the lunate with a measured ERLF of more than 25°. The scaphoid did not follow the fracture fragment in both the patterns of malalignment. CONCLUSION: It is better to assess distal radial fractures for any wrist ligamentous injury on the post-reduction film with the restored radial anatomy than on the pre-reduction film since most carpal malalignments get corrected with the reduction of the fracture. Similar carpal malalignment reappear with the redisplacement of the fracture as seen in pre-reduction radiographs and develops during the immobilization rather than as a later compensatory mechanism for the malunion