Effect of brief constant darkness and illumination on mitochondrial respiratory control of the pineal gland, Harderian gland, spleen and thymus of adult rat [Efeitos da escuridão e da luminosidade breve e constante no controle da respiração mitocondrial das glândulas pineal, Harderiana, baço e timo]

Background and objectives: Constant environmental conditions can lead to changes in the synthesis of melatonin. In vitro studies have shown that this hormone modulates the efficiency of mitochondrial respiration. Therefore, this work examined whether the efficiency of mitochondrial respiration changes in rats that have been subjected to constant illumination or darkness for a short period. Methods: Rats were randomly distributed in three groups: Control, Constant Illumination (72 hours) and Constant Darkness (72 hours). Upon completion of treatment, rats were sacrificed and mitochondria from the pineal gland, Harderian gland, thymus and spleen were isolated. Subsequently, mitochondrial respiratory control was quantified from the removed tissues in the three experimental groups. Results: Our findings show that brief treatments of continued illumination or continued darkness had no significant effect on mitochondrial respiratory control in spleen, thymus or Harderian glands. In contrast, we observed a slight increase in mitochondrial respiratory control in the pineal gland of animals exposed to constant illumination. Conclusions: Our results suggest that brief treatment with continuous light or darkness does not have a significant effect on the efficiency of mitochondrial activity in spleen, thymus or Harderian gland. This is probably due to the endogenous circadian rhythms that tightly regulate mitochondrial enzymatic activity in these tissues

Effect of brief constant darkness and illumination on mitochondrial respiratory control of the pineal gland, Harderian gland, spleen and thymus of adult rat [Efeitos da escuridão e da luminosidade breve e constante no controle da respiração mitocondrial das glándulas pineal, Harderiana, baño e timo]

Background and objectives: Constant environmental conditions can lead to changes in the synthesis of melatonin. In vitro studies have shown that this hormone modulates the efficiency of mitochondrial respiration. Therefore, this work examined whether the efficiency of mitochondrial respiration changes in rats that have been subjected to constant illumination or darkness for a short period. Methods: Rats were randomly distributed in three groups: Control, Constant Illumination (72 hours) and Constant Darkness (72 hours). Upon completion of treatment, rats were sacrificed and mitochondria from the pineal gland, Harderian gland, thymus and spleen were isolated. Subsequently, mitochondrial respiratory control was quantified from the removed tissues in the three experimental groups. Results: Our findings show that brief treatments of continued illumination or continued darkness had no significant effect on mitochondrial respiratory control in spleen, thymus or Harderian glands. In contrast, we observed a slight increase in mitochondrial respiratory control in the pineal gland of animals exposed to constant illumination. Conclusions: Our results suggest that brief treatment with continuous light or darkness does not have a significant effect on the efficiency of mitochondrial activity in spleen, thymus or Harderian gland. This is probably due to the endogenous circadian rhythms that tightly regulate mitochondrial enzymatic activity in these tissues

Brands. critical and managerial perspectives

The development of probes for biomedical applications demands materials with low toxicity levels besides fluorescence or magnetic properties to be detected by confocal microscopes or MRI resonators. Several drug delivery systems or other biomedical materials prepared with hydroxyapatite have been proposed, however, toxicity effects might arise when the size of particles is nanometric. In this study, hydroxyapatite functionalized with glucuronic or folic acids presented lower oxidative stress, measured from lipoperoxides and nitric oxide indicators in rats than pure hydroxyapatite. In separated experiments, hydroxyapatite was doped with dysprosium cations by coprecipitation producing a single crystal phase with fluorescent properties easily visualized by confocal microscopy when excited at 488 nm. These particles also presented the ability to modify the proton relaxation time in T1 maps collected by magnetic resonance imaging. These modified hydroxyapatite nanoparticles could be candidates to design bimodal probes with low toxicity. © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Effect of ibuprofen and acetylsalicylic acid on cognitive decline, total antioxidant power and serum isoprostanes [Efecto del ibuprofeno y ácido acetilsalicílico sobre el deterioro cognitivo, poder antioxidante total e isoprostanos síricos]

Background: There is controversy about the prevention of Alzheimer's disease with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Our objective was to evaluate the effect of ibuprofen and acetylsalicylic acid on cognitive impairment, serum total antioxidant power (TAP) and isoprostane (8-iso-PGF2 ). Methods: We applied from April 2004 to February 2006 a Folstein mini-mental state (MMSE), Syndrome Kurtz Test (SKT) and a geriatric depression scale (Yasevage) to eighteen eligible women. They were 55 years and older. All women (n=18) with normal cognitive state were randomized to ibuprofen 400 mg per day (n=9) and acetylsalicylic acid 500 mg per day (n=9) for one year. Serum TAP and 8-iso-PGF2 were performed at baseline, after six months and one year of treatment. Results: After one year of treatment with acetylsalicylic acid five women (55.6%) raised their score 4 points in MMSE compared with 3 points increased (33.3%) showed by the ibuprofen group. TAP increased (p=0.01) and 8-iso-PGF2 reduced (p=0.01) in both groups compared with baseline. Conclusions: Both drugs improved the cognitive state and oxidative status of our population

Cellular and biochemical actions of melatonin which protect against free radicals: Role in neurodegenerative disorders

Molecular oxygen is toxic for anaerobic organisms but it is also obvious that oxygen is poisonous to aerobic organisms as well, since oxygen plays an essential role for inducing molecular damage. Molecular oxygen is a triplet radical in its ground-stage (.O-O.) and has two unpaired electrons that can undergoes consecutive reductions of one electron and generates other more reactive forms of oxygen known as free radicals and reactive oxygen species. These reactants (including superoxide radicals, hydroxyl radicals) possess variable degrees of toxicity. Nitric oxide (NO•) contains one unpaired electron and is, therefore, a radical. NO• is generated in biological tissues by specific nitric oxide synthases and acts as an important biological signal. Excessive nitric oxide production, under pathological conditions, leads to detrimental effects of this molecule on tissues, which can be attributed to its diffusion-limited reaction with superoxide to form the powerful and toxic oxidant, peroxynitrite. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species are molecular "renegades"; these highly unstable products tend to react rapidly with adjacent molecules, donating, abstracting, or even sharing their outer orbital electron(s). This reaction not only changes the target molecule, but often passes the unpaired electron along to the target, generating a second free radical, which can then go on to react with a new target amplifying their effects. This review describes the mechanisms of oxidative damage and its relationship with the most highly studied neurodegenerative diseases and the roles of melatonin as free radical scavenger and neurocytoskeletal protector. © 2008 Bentham Science Publishers Ltd

Nano and micro reoriented domains and their relation with the crystal structure in the new Fe 1.5Zn 1.5B 7O 13Cl boracite

Molecular oxygen is toxic for anaerobic organisms but it is also obvious that oxygen is poisonous to aerobic organisms as well, since oxygen plays an essential role for inducing molecular damage. Molecular oxygen is a triplet radical in its ground-stage (.O-O.) and has two unpaired electrons that can undergoes consecutive reductions of one electron and generates other more reactive forms of oxygen known as free radicals and reactive oxygen species. These reactants (including superoxide radicals, hydroxyl radicals) possess variable degrees of toxicity. Nitric oxide (NO ) contains one unpaired electron and is, therefore, a radical. NO is generated in biological tissues by specific nitric oxide synthases and acts as an important biological signal. Excessive nitric oxide production, under pathological conditions, leads to detrimental effects of this molecule on tissues, which can be attributed to its diffusion-limited reaction with superoxide to form the powerful and toxic oxidant, peroxynitrite. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species are molecular "renegades"; these highly unstable products tend to react rapidly with adjacent molecules, donating, abstracting, or even sharing their outer orbital electron(s). This reaction not only changes the target molecule, but often passes the unpaired electron along to the target, generating a second free radical, which can then go on to react with a new target amplifying their effects. This review describes the mechanisms of oxidative damage and its relationship with the most highly studied neurodegenerative diseases and the roles of melatonin as free radical scavenger and neurocytoskeletal protector. " 2008 Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.",,,,,,"10.2174/157015908785777201",,,"http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12104/39935","http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-53249154949&partnerID=40&md5=b74f0d9baf3097a5f5ac2d4ef75286c6",,,,,,"3",,"Current Neuropharmacology",,"20

Effect of ibuprofen and acetylsalicylic acid on cognitive decline, total antioxidant power and serum isoprostanes [Efecto del ibuprofeno y ácido acetilsalicílico sobre el deterioro cognitivo, poder antioxidante total e isoprostanos séricos]

Background: There is controversy about the prevention of Alzheimer's disease with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Our objective was to evaluate the effect of ibuprofen and acetylsalicylic acid on cognitive impairment, serum total antioxidant power (TAP) and isoprostane (8-iso-PGF2á). Methods: We applied from April 2004 to February 2006 a Folstein mini-mental state (MMSE), Syndrome Kurtz Test (SKT) and a geriatric depression scale (Yasevage) to eighteen eligible women. They were 55 years and older. All women (n=18) with normal cognitive state were randomized to ibuprofen 400 mg per day (n=9) and acetylsalicylic acid 500 mg per day (n=9) for one year. Serum TAP and 8-iso-PGF2á were performed at baseline, after six months and one year of treatment. Results: After one year of treatment with acetylsalicylic acid five women (55.6%) raised their score 4 points in MMSE compared with 3 points increased (33.3%) showed by the ibuprofen group. TAP increased (p=0.01) and 8-iso-PGF2á reduced (p=0.01) in both groups compared with baseline. Conclusions: Both drugs improved the cognitive state and oxidative status of our population

Dietary fat and antioxidant vitamin intake in patients of neurodegenerative disease in a rural region of Jalisco, Mexico

Methods: Twenty adults with possible Alzheimer�s disease or Parkinson�s disease and 41 control subjects (50�89 years old) from a rural region were studied. Dietary intake was evaluated with the analysis of macronutrients and micronutrients conducted by a food frequency questionnaire and 24 hours dietary record. Analyses were adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, and energy intake. Through interrogation and use of medical record form of health secretary we obtained information about the sociodemographic characteristics. Multivariate analysis of variance to allow for covariated adjustment was used.Objective: To evaluate and compare the intake of lipids and (A, E, and C) vitamins in patients with and without possible neurodegenerative diseases.Results: Patients had a lower energy intake, vitamin C (P = 0.016), fruits (P < 0.001), vegetables (P = 0.037), and oils and fat (P = 0.002), than the controls. Interestingly, the C vitamin intake in patients was still higher than the recommended. Patients had a higher consumption of cereals (P = 0.017), high-animal fat diet (P = 0.024), and whole milk (P < 0.001); 2.4% of the controls smoke and 5% are alcohol consumers. Eighty-five percent of patients and 78% of the controls do not have physical activity. Family history of subjects in this study indicated chronic diseases.Conclusion: The subjects included in this study had a high intake of C vitamin, this is due to the consumption of fruits and vegetables. However, patients with possible Alzheimer�s or Parkinson�s disease had a lower intake of fruits and vegetables, which could be due to type of food to which they have access. � W. S. Maney & Son Ltd 2014

Acute treatment of constant darkness increases the efficiency of ATP synthase in rat liver mitochondria

The circadian oscillations of many physiological processes provide an endogenous temporal program for the adaptive synchronization of mammals to the fluctuating external world. The lack of exposure to light causes the circadian system to undergo a process of dark adaptation similar to dark adaptation in the visual system. The aim of the present work was investigate the effect of acute treatment of constant darkness on mitochondrial ATP synthase activities and membrane fluidity in liver from male rat. We found that ATP synthase activity was not changed by the treatment. However ATPase activity and membrane fluidity were significantly diminished and pH gradient driven by ATP hydrolysis was incremented, in comparison from samples from rats kept on normal light/dark cycles. Additionally, the treatment of constant darkness diminishes the passive proton permeability of the inner mitochondrial membrane. In conclusion constant darkness induces a more efficient coupling between proton transport and catalysis, and increment the efficiency of the enzyme because the ratio of ATP synthase/ATPase activity was higher. These results exhibited the physiological adaptation of liver mitochondria to acute treatment of constant darkness in order to satisfy the cellular energy demand

Incidence and behavior of salmonella and escherichia coli on whole and sliced zucchini squash (Cucurbita pepo) fruit

Background. Cognitive impairment is an important clinical issue among elderly patients with depression and has a more complex etiology because of the variable rate of neurodegenerative changes associated with depression. The aim of the present work was to examine the prevalence of cognitive impairment and depression in a representative sample of adults aged ? 60 years. Methods. The presented work was a cross-sectional study on the prevalence of cognitive impairment and depression. Door-to-door interview technique was assigned in condition with multistage probability random sampling to obtain subjects that represent a population of the Guadalajara metropolitan area (GMA), Mexico. Cognitive function and depression were assessed by applying standardized Mini-Mental State Examination of Folstein (MMSE) and the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), respectively. Results. Prevalence of cognitive impairment was 13.8% (14.5% women, 12.6% men); no significant differences by gender and retired or pensioner were found. Prevalence of depression was 29.1% (33.6% women, 21.1% men); no significant differences by retired or pensioner were found. Cognitive impairment was associated with depression (OR = 3.26, CI 95%, 2.31-4.60). Prevalence of cognitive impairment and depression is associated with: being woman, only in depression being older than 75 years being married, and a low level of education. Conclusion. Cognitive impairment and depression are highly correlated in adults aged ? 60. " 2012 Genaro G. Ortiz et al.",,,,,,"10.1155/2012/175019",,,"http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12104/43868","http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84871364189&partnerID=40&md5=5fa023306d01b929dbed77b84512cd6e",,,,,,,,"Current Gerontology and Geriatrics Research",,,,"2012",,"Scopus",,,,,,,,,,,,"Prevalence of cognitive impairment and depression among a population aged over 60 years in the Metropolitan Area of Guadalajara, Mexico",,"Article" "43933","123456789/35008",,"Castro-Rosas, J., Centro de Investigations Químicas, Instiruto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma Del Estado de Hidalgo, Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo Km. 4.5, Mineral de la reforma, Hidalgo, CP. 42183, Mexico; Santos López, E.M., Centro de Investigations Químicas, Instiruto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma Del Estado de Hidalgo, Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo Km. 4.5, Mineral de la reforma, Hidalgo, CP. 42183, Mexico; Gómez-Aldapa, C.A., Centro de Investigations Químicas, Instiruto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma Del Estado de Hidalgo, Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo Km. 4.5, Mineral de la reforma, Hidalgo, CP. 42183, Mexico; Ramírez, C.A.G., Centro de Investigations Químicas, Instiruto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma Del Estado de Hidalgo, Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo Km. 4.5, Mineral de la reforma, Hidalgo, CP. 42183, Mexico; Villagomez-Ibarra, J.R., Centro de Investigations Químicas, Instiruto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma Del Estado de Hidalgo, Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo Km. 4.5, Mineral de la reforma, Hidalgo, CP. 42183, Mexico; Gordillo-Martínez, A.J., Centro de Investigations Químicas, Instiruto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma Del Estado de Hidalgo, Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo Km. 4.5, Mineral de la reforma, Hidalgo, CP. 42183, Mexico; López, A.V., Laboratorio de Microhiología Sanitaria, Centra Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingeniería, Universidad de Guadalajara, Marcelino García Barragán 1451, Guadalajara 44430, Mexico; Del Refugio Torres-Vitela, M., Laboratorio de Microhiología Sanitaria, Centra Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingeniería, Universidad de Guadalajara, Marcelino García Barragán 1451, Guadalajara 44430, Mexico",,"Castro-Rosas, J