Volatile Fatty Acids Effective as Antibacterial Agents against Three Enteric Bacteria during Mesophilic Anaerobic Incubation

The antibacterial effects of a selection of volatile fatty acids (acetic, propionic, butyric, valeric, and caproic acids) relevant to anaerobic digestion were investigated at 1, 2 and 4 g/L. The antibacterial effects were characterised by the dynamics of Enterococcus faecalis NCTC 00775, Escherichia coli JCM 1649 and Klebsiella pneumoniae A17. Mesophilic anaerobic incubation to determine the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and median lethal concentration of the VFAs was carried out in Luria Bertani broth at 37 °C for 48 h. Samples collected at times 0, 3, 6, 24 and 48 h were used to monitor bacterial kinetics and pH. VFAs at 4 g/L demonstrated the highest bactericidal effect (p < 0.05), while 1 g/L supported bacterial growth. The VFA cocktail was the most effective, while propionic acid was the least effective. Enterococcus faecalis NCTC 00775 was the most resistant strain with the VFAs MBC of 4 g/L, while Klebsiella pneumoniae A17 was the least resistant with the VFAs MBC of 2 g/L. Allowing a 48 h incubation period led to more log decline in the bacterial numbers compared to earlier times. The VFA cocktail, valeric, and caproic acids at 4 g/L achieved elimination of the three bacteria strains, with over 7 log10 decrease within 48 h

Effect of the Inoculum-to-Substrate Ratio on Putative Pathogens and Microbial Kinetics during the Batch Anaerobic Digestion of Simulated Food Waste

The effects of the inoculum (anaerobic digestion effluent) to substrate (simulated food waste) ratio (ISR) 4.00 to 0.25 on putative pathogens and microbial kinetics during batch mesophilic anaerobic digestion were investigated. Red fluorescent protein labelled (RFPAKN132) Escherichia coli JM105 was introduced as a marker species, and together with the indigenous Clostridium sp., Enterococcus sp., Escherichia coli, and total coliforms were used to monitor pathogen death kinetics. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction was also used to estimate the bacterial, fungal, and methanogenic gene copies. All the ISRs eliminated E. coli and other coliforms (4 log10 CFU/mL), but ISR 0.25 achieved this within the shortest time (≤2 days), while ISR 1.00 initially supported pathogen proliferation. Up to 1.5 log10 CFU/mL of Clostridium was reduced by acidogenic conditions (ISR 0.25 and 0.50), while Enterococcus species were resistant to the digestion conditions. Fungal DNA was reduced (≥5 log10 copies/mL) and was undetectable in ISRs 4.00, 2.00, and 0.50 at the end of the incubation period. This study has demonstrated that ISR influenced the pH of the digesters during batch mesophilic anaerobic digestion, and that acidic and alkaline conditions achieved by the lower (0.50 and 0.25) and higher (4.00 and 2.00) ISRs, respectively, were critical to the sanitisation of waste