Generalization of the Langmuir–Blodgett laws for a nonzero potential gradient

The Langmuir–Blodgett laws for cylindrical and spherical diodes and the Child–Langmuir law for planar diodes repose on the assumption that the electric field at the emission surface is zero. In the case of ion beam extraction from a plasma, the Langmuir–Blodgett relations are the typical tools of study, however, their use under the above assumption can lead to significant error in the beam distribution functions. This is because the potential gradient at the sheath/beam interface is nonzero and attains, in most practical ion beam extractors, some hundreds of kilovolts per meter. In this paper generalizations to the standard analysis of the spherical and cylindrical diodes to incorporate this difference in boundary condition are presented and the results are compared to the familiar Langmuir–Blodgett relation

Guide to the Shuji Isawa Collection, 1875 – 2010 (Bulk 1870s)

Shuji Isawa (1850-1917) was sent to the United States by the Japanese Ministry of Education during the early portion of the Meiji Restoration. In 1875 Isawa enrolled at the Bridgewater State Normal School to learn about the United States educational system and Normal School movement, and to bring this information back to Japan. He graduated from Bridgewater State Normal School in 1877 after finishing the two year program. He would go onto study at Harvard for a short time before returning to Japan. Isawa quickly began reforming the Japanese educational system upon his return to Japan. Some of the new curriculum ideas he would bring back and implement included theories in teaching music, physical education, and special education. Isawa became a leader of the modern Normal School movement in Japan as a result. He helped establish the Tokyo Normal School in 1879, the Tokyo School for the Deaf in 1880, the Tokyo School of Music in 1887 (now the Tokyo University of Arts), and the Taiwanese public school system in 1895. This collection consists of two boxes of material. The first box contains mostly material created during Isawa’s life, including letters, very early Japanese textbooks, photographs, and Bridgewater Normal School student records. The second box largely contains material reflecting the legacy of Isawa in Japan in recent times, including programs and other writings from Japan based on his life, such as annual concerts dedicated to his memory

Guide to the Arthur Lloyd Hayden Papers, 1938-1973

As a young man Arthur Lloyd Hayden began collecting everything pertaining to Abraham Lincoln: pictures, books, articles, and memorabilia. In 1938 he started to “cut, separate, cull and arrange” his collection to put into scrapbooks. He joined the Lincoln Group of Boston in October 1938, as well as many other Lincoln-related organizations around the country. Many of his vacations consisted of following the tracks Abraham Lincoln left behind in Kentucky, Indiana, Illinois, and other parts of the country, while collecting anything connected to Lincoln along the way. Hayden gave one presentation to the Lincoln Group in October 1966, entitled “My Lincoln Collection and the Pleasure it has Given Me.” Hayden was a longtime member of the Lincoln Group of Boston; when late in his life he began to look for a repository to house his collection, fellow members Professors Jordan Fiore and John Myers of Bridgewater State College suggested Bridgewater State\u27s Archives and Special Collections. Hadyen’s collection was brought to the Maxwell Library in 1978 and became the nucleus of the Lincoln Collection that has continued to grow ever since. This collection is a small part of Hayden’s donated material, and focuses on his papers and correspondence with the Lincoln Group. His vast Lincoln scrapbook collection is treated as a separate collection. His collection of books, pamphlets, and Civil War periodicals make up a portion of the Maxwell Library’s Lincoln Book Collection, Lincoln Pamphlet Collection, and Lincoln Periodical Collection. Many of the items in these collections contain Hayden’s personal bookplate depicting an image of Abraham Lincoln

Guide to the Seamus Heaney Collection, 1969-2016

The renowned Irish poet Seamus Heaney won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1995. Heaney’s first major work of poetry was Death of a Naturalist, published in 1966. The first poem in this publication, Digging, would be among Heaney’s most famous, and helped establish his reputation as a poetic voice of Ireland. Heaney would continue to achieve acclaim though the publication of numerous poetry collections. In the mid-1970s Heaney began giving poetry readings in the United States and in 1981 became a visiting professor at Harvard University. He would maintain a professional connection to Harvard until 2006. Heaney was active in poetry readings until ill health slowed him down in 2006. On August 30, 2013 he passed away at the age of 74. This collection represents material created through the friendship of the donor, Maureen Connelly, and Seamus and Marie Heaney. Correspondence, photographs, and signed books and rare pamphlets published by Heaney make up the bulk of the collection. Ms. Connelly first became familiar with Seamus Heaney while an English professor at Boston State College. Heaney became a frequent speaker at her Irish Literature classes in the mid-1970s. A number of the photographs in the collection were taken in Dublin as Ms. Connelly made multiple trips to Ireland to visit the Heaney’s. After the closure of Boston State College in 1982 (the same year Heaney had his first speaking event at Bridgewater State College), Ms. Connelly was appointed professor of English at Bridgewater. She continued to invite Heaney to speak to her Irish Literature classes. In March 1990 Heaney gave a poetry reading at Bridgewater State College for a Patrick MacGill Centennial Celebration event. This event was recorded and can be found in the collection. Related collections include material from other twentieth century Irish Literature figures of note (donated by Ms. Connelly), including Thomas Flanagan, Brian Friel, Edna O’Brien, Mary Lavin, and Brian Moore

Guide to the Conrad Aiken Collection, 1940-1997

Brief Biographical Note: Conrad Potter Aiken (1889-1973) was born in Savannah, Georgia on August 5, 1889. After the tragic death of his parents, Aiken moved to Massachusetts, where he would eventually attend Harvard University and distinguish himself as President of the Harvard Advocate and co-editor with T.S. Eliot. Aiken was a successful poet and novelist, receiving the Pulitzer Prize in 1930 or his Selected Poems. Other awards included the Shelley Memorial Award (the award’s first recipient), National Medal for Literature, the Gold Medal for Poetry from the American Academy of Arts and Letters, the Bollingen Prize, and the National Book Award. From 1950-1952 he was the Poetry Consultant to the Library of Congress, now known as the U.S. Poet Laureate. Aiken also edited Emily Dickinson’s Selected Poems in 1924, which proved to be largely responsible for establishing her posthumous literary reputation. Scope and Content Note: Aiken was well known for his letters, which is the strength of this collection. The correspondence from Conrad and his wife Mary are to Maureen Connelly, the donor of the collection. The collection contains a personal interview Mrs. Connelly did with Conrad Aiken, as well as numerous book reviews she wrote of his works, and reviews from others on Aiken’s works. A number of Aiken’s publications, including many that are inscribed, are in the collection, as well as works by authors that wrote about Aiken’s life. Correspondence and publications from Aiken’s children can be found, making the collection reflect Conrad Aiken’s entire family, not just himself. The numerous photographs of the Aiken’s by the donor show the author at a later stage in his life