Effects of feeding probiotic metabolites on the growth and carcass characteristics of broiler chicken.

The objectives of the study were to determine the effects of probiotic metabolites on the growth rates, feed conversion ratios and carcass characteristics of broiler chicken in an attempt to determine the potential use of probiotic metabolites to replace antimicrobial growth promoters. Three hundred day-old Cobb chicks were reared for 42 days. The five treatment groups comprised of one negative control without antibiotics or probiotic metabolites added into the feed, one positive control with antibiotic added, and the other three comprised of treatment groups with probiotic metabolites added at different concentrations, namely 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5%, respectively. The liquid metabolites added were from four strains of Lactobacillus plantarum isolated locally from fermented soya bean (tempeh) and tapioca (tapai ubi). The 60 chicks were assigned to each treatment comprising of six replicates. Each replicate comprising 10 chicks was randomly assigned to battery cages which are kept indoors. The feed and drinking water were provided ad libitum. The chickens were weighed individually every week and the feed weights were also recorded. Nine chickens from each treatment selected, using a stratified random method, were slaughtered at the end of the third week and at the end of the sixth week. Liver and gizzard were weighed while the duodenum, jejunum and ileum were measured. The 1.5% concentration of probiotic metabolites used was an effective dose to be supplemented for growth promoting purposes. The effect of probiotic metabolites on growth was good especially at the early stages. Probiotic metabolites significantly (p0.05) changes to the weight gain. On the contrary, probiotic metabolites improved weight gain numerically especially at the first three weeks. The live weight gain was comparable to those of the antibiotic treatment group. The 1.5% MET also had a low feed conversion at both week 1-3 and week 1-6, contrary to the antibiotic group, which had high feed conversion ratios during week 1-3, although not significant (p>0.05). The probiotic metabolites appear to be potential replacements for antimicrobial growth promotants. The effect of probiotic metabolites on the carcass characteristic was less prominent compared to the growth performances. It was deduced from the results that probiotic metabolites do not have a direct effect on the gizzard. The probiotic metabolites have protective effects on the liver as the liver of the 1.5% probiotic metabolite group was significantly (p0.05) in liver weights between treatment groups. There was no particular effect of the probiotic metabolites on the intestinal length. However, there were correlations (t<0.05) between the feed intake and intestinal length

Leading in the Age of the Fourth Industrial Revolution – A Perspective from Vietnam

The purpose of this study was to determine new leadership styles in the context of the level of development of the Vietnamese economy in the last years and what is likely to happen in the next 10 years or more. Another aim was to create the combination of leadership best thinking that will enable Vietnamese leaders to adapt successfully in the implementation of the fourth industrial revolution (4IR) in Vietnam. The 4IR is fundamentally different because it involves the fusion of a range of new technologies that link the physical, digital and biological worlds, impacting all disciplines, economies, and industries. Transformational analysis in combination with documents review, in-depth interviews with Delphi technique in VUCA (Volatile, Uncertain, Complex and Ambiguous) environment with 64 top government leaders, researchers, and scholars. including hi-tech enterprises conducted to see the major characteristics and skills that a leader needs in the digitalization ages in the digitalization age. The study results were that there are five models of leadership in 4IR best practices: traditional leadership, transformational leadership, agile leadership, block-chain leadership, and human values and ethics. The principal conclusion was that the more resilience Vietnam is ready, the more successful Vietnam will achieve beyond the 4IR