Structures in gas–liquid churn flow in a large diameter vertical pipe

Gas–Liquid two phase co-current flow in a vertical riser with an internal diameter of 127 mm was investigated in the churn flow pattern. This paper presents detailed experimental data obtained using a Wire Mesh Sensor. It shows that the most obvious features of the flow are huge waves travelling on the liquid film. Wisps, large tendrils of liquid and the product of incomplete atomisation, which had previously detected in smaller diameter pipes, have also been found in the larger diameter pipe employed here. The output of the Wire Mesh Sensor has been used to determine the overall void fraction. When examined within a drift flux framework, it shows a distribution coefficient of ∼1, in contrast to data for lower gas flow rates. Film thickness time series extracted from the Wire Mesh Sensor output have been examined and the trends of mean film thickness, that of the base film and the wave peaks are presented and discussed. The occurrence of wisps and their frequencies have been quantified

Modelling multiphase flow in vertical pipe using CFD method.

Investigations of gas-liquid-solid flows in large diameter vertical pipes are scarce and detailed three phase flow study is still required to understand the flow interactions. Further investigation using high fidelity modelling is thus necessary due to complex flow interactions of the phases. In this study, a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method is used to investigate multiphase gas-liquid-solid flow in vertical pipe. Firstly, an appropriate validated numerical simulation scheme for two phase gas-liquid flow using ANSYS Fluent has been used to simulate possible flow regime transitions in vertical pipe. The scheme could predict the various flow regimes spanning bubbly to annular flow without prior knowledge of the flow patterns. The scheme was further extended to investigate the impact of solid particles in the flow field. More importantly the impact of solid concentration on the flow regime development and sand deposition was investigated. The results showed that the particulate deposition is greatly influenced by the particle concentration. In addition, the regime transitions and development in gas-liquid flows are different than that of gas-liquid-solid flows

Conflicting Goals: Calorie Attentiveness and Consumer Food Bundle Choice

Policymakers globally are interested in interventions that address the obesity epidemic. The restaurant industry, however, continues to promote less healthy, discounted food bundles. In this research, we investigate the interplay of food bundle pricing and calorie attentiveness and the resultant goals conflict (i.e., saving money vs eating healthy). We further investigate the potential to resolve this conflict by the type of meal bundle offered (low-calorie bundle vs high-calorie bundle) and determine the efficacy of self-regulatory orientations in resisting the financial incentives of meal deals. We conducted three online experiments using meal bundles in cinema (N = 399), fast food (N = 295) and grocery store (N = 148) contexts. Results reveal that calorie attentive consumers with a prevention focus regulatory orientation are less likely to find the bundle discount attractive and more likely to forgo meal deals. However, this effect was attenuated when low-calorie bundles were offered

The Effect of Optimal Discounting on Bundle Preference In Gift-giving Context

Bundling is the joint sale of two or more separate products at a single price, often discounted. When decision makers are faced with a bundle choice, they can opt to either purchase the bundle or any of its separate products. Gift-giving is a social activity that establishes relationships. Gift-giving situations can be voluntary or obligatory. In the former, the giver’s motivations for giving the gift are internal, while in the latter, their motivations are external. Decision makers derive pleasure from the value a product provides (its acquisition utility) as well as the quality of the deal - its transaction utility. The latter can often lure them into making irrational expenditures- which bundles can sometimes be. This study therefore aims to demonstrate that a larger discount size rather than a smaller one will influence a decision maker to choose a bundle over its components particularly when choosing an obligatory gift rather than a voluntary one

The effect of pipe diameter and pressure in vertical two-phase flow

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Calorie Attentiveness; Price Framing, Self-Regulation and Bundle Choice

Obesity has been on the rise over the last decade in the developed world, and policymakers are interested in interventions that promote healthier lifestyles. The restaurant industry, however, continues to promote less healthy but more affordable meals by offering discounted meal deals. In these deals, discounts can be presented (or framed) either in integrated (i.e., lump sum reduction in bundle price) or in segregated (i.e., reduction to the individually priced bundle constituents) formats. Prior research suggests that these pricing strategies are particularly successful amongst low-income consumers, who are more likely to compromise their goal to eat healthily for immediate savings from a less healthy choice. Our study seeks to contribute to the literature on bundle pricing by investigating how the interplay of bundle price framing (i.e., integrated vs. segregated) and calorie attentiveness (i.e., the tendency to display higher levels of self-regulation with regards to calorie intake) can result in conflicting goals. Four hundred members of an online panel participated in the Study for nominal payment (Mage = 23.48, 63.2% female). We applied a between-subjects manipulation of discount framing (integrated vs. segregated) using a meal bundle context for cinema snacks. Participants were asked to complete a brief survey indicating their preference for the meal bundle, calorie attentiveness levels, self-regulation orientations, and socio-economic characteristics. In line with our predictions, the results reveal that calorie attentive consumers are more likely to forgo the meal deal compared to calorie inattentive consumers. However, this effect is attenuated when price discounts are presented in an integrated format and, in particular, for consumers with a promotion-focus regulatory orientation