In-vitro antioxidant activities of the stem bark extract fractions of Bridelia ferruginea

Bridelia ferruginea stem bark generally used in Indigenous folk medicine for diverse uses was evaluated scientifically to elucidate the antioxidant activity of various fractions in-vitro to validate its folkloric usage. In vitro antioxidant properties of the extract fractions were evaluated using the free radical scavenging activities by 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) with ascorbic acid as control. The total antioxidant activity results indicated that, the inhibition percent of aqueous extract was significantly higher than the inhibition percent of ethanol and ethyl acetate in the DPPH methods. A higher IC50 (0.85 mg/ml compared to 1.34 mg/ml ethanolic extract and 1.41mg/ml of Ethyl acetate) value was observed. The aqueous extract was better in Fe2+chelating activity and higher in the content of total phenol as compared to ethanolic and ethyl acetate extracts. However, the ethyl acetate extract had signi?cantly higher (P < 0.05) hydroxyl radical scavenging activity with the concentration for 50% inhibition (IC) value of 0.86 mg/mL, 1.24 mg/mL for ethanolic extract and 2.16 mg/mL for aqueous extract. The results indicated that all the extracts showed excellent Nitric oxide scavenging activities with a close range of IC50 values of 0.83, 0.99 and 1.83 mg/mL for aqueous, ethanolic and ethyl acetate extract. The results suggest that Bridelia ferruginea stem bark possesses varied degrees of antioxidant activity in vitro and has the potential to be developed into dietary supplements and synergically modified with synthetic antioxidants. Keywords: Ethanolic extract, Aqueous extract, Ethyl acetate extract, Bridelia ferruginea, and Antioxidant activity

Prevention of Fe2+ induced lipid peroxidation by aqueous extract of Garcinia kola leaf in some rat tissues. Innovations in Pharmaceuticals and pharmacotherapy

Cell injury in aerobic organism subjected to oxidative stress has been caused by lipid peroxidation. The ability of aqueous extract of Garcina kola leaf (3.3-33.3µg/ml) to prevent 60µM Fe2+ induced lipid peroxidation in rat liver and brain were assessed respectively using TBARS (Thiobarbituric acid reactive species. Fe2+ - chelating ability of the extract was also determined. The result of the study revealed that incubating the liver and brain in the presence of iron exhibited high percentage inhibition against thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) induced by iron (ii) sulphate (60µM) with IC50 value of 72.58±29.16µg/ml and 89.36µg/ml respectively, while the extract shows strong iron chelating ability of 79.93% at concentration (2.3µg/ml) with an EC value of 62.0µg/ml. The inhibitory effect of aqueous extract of Garcinia kola shown in TBARS and Iron chelation assays were concentration dependent. The results however suggest that Garcinia kola is beneficial in the treatment of various cellular damages due to its ability to reduce lipid peroxidation

Antioxidant and Inhibitory Effect of Scent Leaf (Ocimum gratissimum) on Fe2+ and Sodium Nitroprusside Induced Lipid Peroxidation in Rat Brain In vitro

Neurodegenerative diseases have been linked to oxidative stress arising from peroxidation of membrane biomolecules and high levels of Fe and Sodium nitroprusside have been reported to play an important role in neurodegenerative diseases and other brain disorder. Therefore, this study sought to investigate the inhibitory effect of aqueous, ethanolic and ethyl acetate extract of Ocimum gratissimum leaves on FeSO4 and Sodium Nitroprusside (SNP) induced lipid peroxidation in rat brain in vitro. Incubation of the brain tissue homogenate in the presence of FeSO4 and SNP showed both pro-oxidants [Fe and sodium 2+ nitroprusside (SNP)] caused a significantly reduction in (p<0.05) the accumulation of lipid peroxides in a concentration dependent manner. However, the ethyl acetate fraction significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited Fe2+ induced oxidative stress in the rat brain tissue homogenates than the aqueous and ethanolic extract respectively. This higher inhibitory effect of Ocimum gratissimum could be attributed to its significantly higher phytochemical content, Fe2+ chelating ability, hydroxyl scavenging ability, total phenolic content and reducing power. However, part of the mechanisms through which the extractable phytochemicals in Ocimum gratissimum protect the brain may be through their antioxidant activity, Fe2+ chelating, 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and OH scavenging ability. Therefore, oxidative stress in the brain could be potentially managed/prevented by dietary intake of Ocimum gratissimum

Hepatoprotective Effect of Aqueous Extract of Solanum macrocarponLeavesagainst Carbon tetrachloride-Induced Liver Damage in Rats

Liver damage is a growing concern of today’s modern society. The increasing incidence of exposure to toxic agents has contributed to liver diseases. There is therefore need for hepatoprotective agents. This study was aimed at investigating the protective effect of aqueous extract of the leaves of Solanum macrocarponagainst CCl4-induced liver damage in rats. Six groups of four animals each were used for the investigation. Group 1 served as control, groups 2, 3 and 4 animals were pre-treated with leaf extract of Solanum macrocarponat 250mg/kg, 500mg/kg and 750mg/kg body weight respectively for 14 days prior to a single intraperitoneal administration of CCl4. Animals in groups 5 and 6 received only the extract at a dose of 750mg/kg body weight and CCl4respectively. All animals were sacrificed 24 h after the administration of CCl4.The liver functions tests were performed in addition to their histopathological evaluation.Results obtained showed significant adverse changes in the levels of all measured parameters in CCl4treated rats. However, pre-treatment with aqueous extract of S. macrocarponprevented the adverse changes. Our findings suggest that S. macrocarponprotects the liver against CCl4-induced damage. This could be attributed to the presence of phytochemical compounds in the plant

Liver mitochondrial membrane permeability modulation in insulin-resistant, uninephrectomised male rats by Clerodendrum volubile P. Beauv and Manihot esculenta Crantz

Background: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, which occurs in people who are not alcohol drinkers, describes some of the pathogenic conditions that may be in the least characterized by simple steatosis or can be as serious as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and cirrhosis. Its mechanistic pathogenesis has been said to arise from insulin resistance and oxidative stress, which may be compounded by obesity. An experimental model showing, systemic insulin resistance, obesity and accumulated hepatic fatty acids was created in adult male rats using high-fat diet manipulation and surgical removal of the left kidney (uninephrectomy). This study sought to identify the impact of these multiple burdens on the liver mitochondrial membrane permeability transition pore opening, and the possible in vitro effects of the extracts of Clerodendrum volubile and Manihot esculenta leaves on the membrane permeabilization. Results: The results indicated that the methanolic extract of Clerodendrum volubile leaf inhibited mitochondrial membrane pore opening in the insulin resistance condition or when it is followed by uni-nephrectomy, while the ethanolic extract of Manihot esculenta leaf does the same in the insulin resistance condition both prior to and following uni-nephrectomy. Conclusion: Since the vegetable extracts were able to abrogate mitochondrial pore opening at low concentrations, the structural integrity of the mitochondria can possibly be restored over time if treated by the vegetable extracts. Research efforts should, therefore, be made to harness the drugability of the bioactives of these vegetables for use in the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease arising from insulin resistance and renal failure.Fil: Ajayi, Ebenezer Idowu O. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra; Argentina. Osun State University; Nigeria. National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research; IndiaFil: Molehin, Olorunfemi R.. Ekiti State University; NigeriaFil: Oloyede, Omotade I.. Ekiti State University; NigeriaFil: Kumar, Vinodu. National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research; IndiaFil: Amara, Venkateswara R.. National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research; IndiaFil: Kaur, Jasmine. National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research; IndiaFil: Karpe, Pinakin. National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research; IndiaFil: Tikoo, Kulbhushan B.. National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research; Indi

In vitro antioxidant potential and inhibitory effect of hydro-ethanolic extract from African black velvet tamarind (Dialium indium) pulp on type 2 diabetes linked enzymes

The alarming rate of diabetes mellitus (DM) globally is bothersome and has drawn the search light of researchers on naturally endowed phytonutrients being an alternative in managing the menace. Therefore, the current study was designed to investigate some antioxidant parameters embedded in the extract of Dialium indium (DI) fruit pulp and also, to elucidate its antidiabetic potentials through the inhibition of two key carbohydrate-metabolizing enzymes such as &alpha;-amylase and intestinal &alpha;-glucosidase. Hydro-ethanolic extract of DI fruit pulp was used for the antioxidants and enzyme inhibitory bioassays through various convectional antioxidant assay methods in vitro. In the results, total phenolic content of the extract had; 6.74 &plusmn;3.38 mg GAE.g-1, total flavonoid contents; 0.02 &plusmn;0.01 mg QE.g-1 and FRAP; 0.84&nbsp; &plusmn;0.47 mg AAE.g-1 dried sample. Also, there was a marked significant (p&nbsp;&lt;0.05) difference observed in the inhibition of &alpha;-amylase and intestinal &alpha;-glucosidase by the different concentrations of the extract used in concentration-dependent manner with their different EC50. The inhibition demonstrated against these two carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes possibly could be through the embedded antioxidant potentials of the fruit pulp and this if properly harnessed, it could be helpful in the management of type 2 diabetes

Antioxidant enhancing ability of different solvents extractable components of Talinum triangulare in some selected Tissue homogenates of Albino Rats -In vitro

Antioxidant contents, mostly from plant source have been the major combating components against membranous peroxidation that causes degenerative diseases and among others in the living cells. In this work, we did look into how ethanol and aqueous extractable components of Talinum triangulare could effectively and synergistically enhance the activities of antioxidant enzymes i.e superoxide dismutase (SOD) catalase (CAT) and reduced glutathione (GSH) activities in the different tissues used in vitro. Different methods were employed in the assay and the results showed significant (p < 0.05) increase in ethanolic extract when the GSH enhancing competencies were considered in the organs when compare with that of aqueous and relatively with the control, also, the levels of catalase activities (CAT) observed showed significant (p < 0.05) difference as observed in the organs. Considering the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, aqueous extract showed significant (p < 0.05) increase in the liver and brain while significant (p < 0.05) increase was only observed in the ethanolic extract in the kidneys tissue. Indisputably, it could be claimed based on these facts that, Talinum triangulare could enhance the activities of these antioxidant enzymes assayed for and in turns could be helpful in the phytotherapeutic management of common diseases associated with the hypoactivity of the enzymes when involve in the diet

Evaluation of antioxidant potentials of different solvent-fractions of Dialium indium (African Black velvet tamarind) fruit pulp - in vitro

Plant phytonutrients have been harnessed for their various curative properties both in vitro and in vivo. In this study African black velvet tamarind (ABVT) fruit pulp was evaluated for it antioxidant potentials using chloroform and hexane fractions through different antioxidant parameters. In the results; total phenolic contents quantified in mg GAE/dried sample in chloroform and hexane extracts were; 14.57 &plusmn;5.85 and 9.78 &plusmn;4.61, total flavonoid contents in chloroform and hexane extracts as; 48.58 &plusmn;0.00 and 27.35 &plusmn;0.00 while the FRAP (&micro;g AAE.g-1 dried sample) was lower in chloroform (298.10 &plusmn;0.00) than hexane extracts (1029.81 &plusmn;0.00). More also, ability of varied concentrations of the extracts (with their IC50) to cause inhibition against Fe2+-induced MDA that was determined by TBARS in rat's brain and liver tissue homogenates, Fe2+-chelating ability and other antioxidant assays, showed an appreciable significant (p &lt;0.05) difference. The various antioxidant properties showed by ABVT has indicated that, if the pulp is incorporated in diet, it could serve as an alternative in managing various ROS-induced degenerative ailments as it has been clearly demonstrated in the protection of brain and liver homogenates from Fe2+-induced oxidative stress.&nbsp

In vitro antioxidant potential and inhibitory effect of hydro-ethanolic extract from African black velvet tamarind (Dialium indium) pulp on type 2 diabetes linked enzymes

The alarming rate of diabetes mellitus (DM) globally is bothersome and has drawn the search light of researchers on naturally endowed phytonutrients being an alternative in managing the menace. Therefore, the current study was designed to investigate some antioxidant parameters embedded in the extract of Dialium indium (DI) fruit pulp and also, to elucidate its antidiabetic potentials through the inhibition of two key carbohydrate-metabolizing enzymes such as &alpha;-amylase and intestinal &alpha;-glucosidase. Hydro-ethanolic extract of DI fruit pulp was used for the antioxidants and enzyme inhibitory bioassays through various convectional antioxidant assay methods in vitro. In the results, total phenolic content of the extract had; 6.74 &plusmn;3.38 mg GAE.g-1, total flavonoid contents; 0.02 &plusmn;0.01 mg QE.g-1 and FRAP; 0.84&nbsp; &plusmn;0.47 mg AAE.g-1 dried sample. Also, there was a marked significant (p&nbsp;&lt;0.05) difference observed in the inhibition of &alpha;-amylase and intestinal &alpha;-glucosidase by the different concentrations of the extract used in concentration-dependent manner with their different EC50. The inhibition demonstrated against these two carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes possibly could be through the embedded antioxidant potentials of the fruit pulp and this if properly harnessed, it could be helpful in the management of type 2 diabetes.</p

Cholesterol content and functional properties of products fractionated from egg yolk

In low-salt aqueous solution, egg yolk was fractionated into delipidated fraction, plasma and granule fractions were obtained using centrifugation. The following determinations were made on each fraction: Emulsifying activity (EA) and stability (ES), foam capacity and stability, protein solubility index, total cholesterol, lipid and protein. Fractionation of egg yolk into plasma resulted in five fold reduction in cholesterol. In decreasing order, EA of yolk products in distilled water was: whole egg yolk > delipidated egg yolk > plasma > granules