URBAN SPRAWL, PATTERN AND MEASUREMENT IN LOKOJA, NIGERIA

Lokoja have been experiencing a large influx of population from its surrounding regions, which had led to rapid growth and expansion that had left profound changes on the landscape in terms of land use and land cover. This study uses the GIS techniques and the application of Shannon’s entropy theory to measure the behavior of sprawl which is based on the notion that landscape entropy or disorganization increases with sprawl, analysis was carried out based on the integration of remote sensing and GIS, the measurement of entropy is devised based on the town location factors, distance from roads, to reveal and capture spatial patterns of urban sprawl. Then Entropy value for each zone revealed a high value, especially areas outside the core city area; like Felele, with the entropy of 0.3, Adankolo, 0.2 and Lokongoma, 0.2. These areas are evenly dispersed settlement, as one move away from the city core. Study shows a correlation of population densities and entropy values of 1987 and 2007, for areas like Felele ,Adankolo, and Lokongoma , which is indicative of spread over space , an evidence of sprawl. But as we go down the table the entropy values seem to tend towards zero. This study provides quantitative data for effective planning and decision making in projecting the town growth and in planning the direction of growth.urban sprawl, patterns of sprawl, entropy theory.

Preliminary Evaluation of the Capacity of Surface-Active Phospholipids to Provide Semipermeability in a Saline Filtration Environment

Background: Semipermeability to fluid transport is one of the principal attributes of a tissue like articular cartilage. Consequently, this characteristic can be exploited in attempts to understand the functional roles of the biological layer of Surface Active Phospholipids (SAPL) which form on its surfaces. A previous study, relevant to peritoneal SAPL was carried out in which hypertonic glucose solution was dialysed against physiological saline through SAPL membrane and concluded that SAPL possessed semipermeability. Our analysis extends this previous study by dialysing hypertonic and hypotonic saline solutions against physiological saline via SAPL membranes which is more relevant to the articular joint environment. Material and Methods: Membranes were produced from either synthetic or bovine cartilage SAPL and used to carry out tests involving the dialysis of hypotonic and hypertonic sodium chloride solutions against physiological saline, using an Ussing chamber to hold both the membranes and dialysis fluids. Results: The dialysis produced osmotic pressures which are commensurate with our experimental constraints, but strongly indicated that it is indeed possible to generated osmotic pressures using SAPL membranes, indicating the semipermeability of this lipid structure. Conclusion: It is widely accepted that the collagen-proteoglycan membrane provides the semipermeability of articular despite the low levels of osmotic pressure recorded in our experiments, our results demonstrate that SAPL aggregation can constitute a semipermeable layer with a strong capability to contribute to the semipermeablity of the collagen-proteoglycan system especially on the surface of the tissue. Consequently its deficiency, as seen in osteoarthritis could lead/contribute to cartilage dysfunction

Optical non-destructive evaluation of articular cartilage integrity: A review

This paper reviews the current status of the application of optical non-destructive methods, particularly infrared (IR) and near infrared (NIR), in the evaluation of the physiological integrity of articular cartilage. It is concluded that a significant amount of work is still required in order to achieve specificity and clinical applicability of these methods in the assessment and treatment of dysfunctional articular joints

Biochemical response of sweet potato to bemul-wax coating combined with calcium chloride treatment during ambient storage

Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas Linn) tuber is a very nutritious but highly perishable crop that is subject to high wastages due to non-availability of appropriate storage techniques. This work assessed the effectiveness of treating the tubers with calcium chloride dip (CCD), bemul-wax (B-wax) and their combinations (CCD/B-wax) at ambient storage conditions (24.9 ± 4.0°C and 44.6 ± 18.4% RH). Some biochemical parameters of each treated sample were assessed and compared with the control for 20 days storage period. There were significant reductions (P < 0.05) in weight loss by B-wax and CCD/Bwax. CCD and CCD/B-wax caused significant reductions in pH, total amino acid and pectin esterase. Also, all the treatments caused significant reductions in ascorbic acid, phenylalanine ammonia lyase,�A-Amylase and alcohol dehydrogenase activities. There were significant reductions in polyphenol oxidase activity by B-wax. In conclusion, while all the treatments proved to be effective to varying degrees,CCD/B-wax seemed to be the most effective in preventing spoilage in the tuber

Rural-urban disparities in health and health care in Africa: Cultural competence, lay-beliefs in narratives of diabetes among the rural poor in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa

Rural-urban disparities in health and health care in Africa have been well described; yet, they remain relatively of less concern among many issues in health and health care in Africa. The disparities have been documented to exist in the utilization of cardiac diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, prescription of analgesia for pains, treatment of diabetes (e.g. gym exercise). Among the fundamental root causes of these disparities, which, can be gathered through studies of the health care systems (biomedical and African health systems) are variations in patients’ health beliefs, values, preferences and behaviour. Informed by the need to address the seemingly wide rural-urban disparities in health and health care in Africa, this paper brings to the fore rural patients’ recognition of symptoms, threshold for seeking care and the ability to understand disease management strategy, all of which are part of the variations in patients’ health beliefs and values. The strategy adopted for foregrounding these disparities is through narratives of diabetes by patients in a rural context in South Africa. The chief aim is to contribute towards improving the quality of health care through incorporating patients’ understanding of health. The narrative is subsumed under cultural competence and lay beliefs

Book Review

William G. Martin, ed., Making Waves: Worldwide Social Movements, 1750-2005. London: Boulder

EDITORIAL:

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Editorial

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Epistemological Issues in the Making of an African medicine: Sutherlandia (Lessertia Frutescens)

The scientific clinical trial of the African traditional medicine, Sutherlandia (Lessertia frutescens) forms an interface between the indigenous local knowledge of people living with Aids, traditional health practitioners and that of science and global health. Up till now, no cross-disciplinary studies have been done on epistemological questions concerning especially the knowledge and understanding of &lsquo;proof &rsquo; of efficacy concerning an African traditional medicine. This paper draws together insights and analysis from the anthropology and sociology of health and healing in discussing the intersecting fields of knowledge and experience of pharmacology, phytotherapy and related fields, as well as that of biomedical and traditional health practitioners, and of research subjects involved in the making of clinical trials of sutherlandia (lessertia frutescens) in South Africa.Keywords: South Africa, African medicine, bio-medicine, sutherlandia (lessertia frutescens) clinical trials

Biafra in the present: trauma of a loss

This paper forms part of a wider attempt at engaging the issues of nation-building, war, and trauma within the context of a developing sociology of trauma. It focuses, specifically, on Biafra, a recurring issue in the political and economic discussions in Nigeria. It delimits the focus to trauma. The Igbo perception of their increased marginalisation in the scheme of things in contemporary Nigeria brings to the fore the idea of Biafra, an Igbo attempt to create an Igbo nation-state which subsequently resulted into the war which foreshadowed many of the conflicts that would threaten to ‘shatter’ many post-colonial Africa. The war was traumatic: it inflicted fear and suffering. With the use of cultural trauma and the notion of the loss of assumptive world, the paper suggests that its loss was more traumatic because of the shattering of the cognitive representation of Biafra, an entity which was to bring a sense of belonging and connection that would cohere the Igbo being. In the wake of the loss of Biafra, the assumptive world of the Igbo was shattered. The paper suggests further that current recollection of Biafra by the Igbo serves as an illustration of the ‘collective trauma’ of its loss. The theoretical basis for the argument in this paper is that Biafra is rooted in the psyche of the Igbo.Keywords: trauma, assumptive world, Igbo, Biafra, nation buildin