Uticaj mikrobiološkog đubriva i oplemenjivača zemljišta na prinos heljde (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) u uslovima veće nadmorske visine

Effect of microbiological fertilizer (Slavol) and soil additives (zeolite and hydrogel) on buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) yield was investigated in this paper. Trial was set up in the village of Radijevići, Serbia in agroecological conditions of mountain Zlatar (altitude 1,065 m) during a two-year period 2009 and 2010. A randomized complete block design with four replications was set up. In organic cropping system three combinations of microbiological fertilizer (Slavol) with zeolite and hydrogel were used prior to sowing. Different combinations of the microbiological fertilizer and the soil additives gave positive results especially in the second year of the trial. The best combination in organic cropping system was Slavol+hydrogel with foliar application of the microbiological fertilizer, which resulted in the greatest yield of buckwheat and this treatment can be recommended to producers. Buckwheat performed very well under limited conditions of acidic soil on high altitude in organic cropping system and it can be recommended as a very suitable crop for organic producers.U ovom radu je ispitivan uticaj mikrobiološkog đubriva (Slavol) i oplemenjivača zemljišta (zeolita i hidrogela) na prinos heljde (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench). Ogled je postavljen u selu Radijevići u agroekološkim uslovima planine Zlatar na nadmorskoj visini od 1.065 m tokom dvogodišnjeg perioda 2009. i 2010. Ogled je postavljen po slučajnom blok sistemu u četiri ponavljanja. U organskom sistemu gajenja su primenjene tri kombinacije mikrobiološkog đubriva sa zeolitom i hidrogelom pre setve useva. Sve varijante đubrenja su dale pozitivne rezultate u odnosu na prinos, naročito u drugoj godini istraživanja. Najbolja kombinacija u organskom sistemu gajenja je bila varijanta Slavol+hydrogel sa folijarnom primenom mikrobiološkog đubriva Slavola, koja je dala i najveći prinos heljde. Gajenje heljde pod limitiranim uslovima kiselog zemljišta na većoj nadmorskoj visini u organskom sistemu gajenja se pokazalo opravdanim i može se preporučiti proizvođačima

Produktivnost ozime raži u organskom i konvencionalnom sistemu gajenja

Rye is a cereal which is very much demanded at the market, for making a special kind of bread, but it is little grown in Serbia. The aim of this paper is to investigate possibilities of organic growing of winter rye, comparing with the conventional one, in agroecological conditions of Valjevo hilly region during 2008/2009 and 2009/2010 cropping seasons. The trial was set up in a village of Kotešica, on soil which had not been used for agriculture for 7 years. In organic cropping system three combinations of microbiological fertiliser baktofil with zeolite and hydrogel were used prior to sowing. Half of each plot was treated with foliar microbiological fertiliser Slavol during crop growing period. In conventional cropping system three variants with mineral fertilisers were included: NPK, NPK+zeolite, NPK+hydrogel. Results of the yield obtained in the experiment showed a significant difference between two seasons, 2008/2009 and 2009/2010. In comparison with the control, the treatments in an organic cropping system resulted with statistically insignificant differences for mean values in both years, while the mean in conventional cropping system has significantly higher yield of winter rye. Organic cropping system under conditions of Valjevo hilly region did not give significantly lower rye yield compared with the conventional one in a moderate growing season such was 2008/2009. The combination of soil microbiological fertiliser (Baktofil) with foliar fertiliser (Slavol) and zeolite gave the highest winter rye grain yield in all other treatments in the second year of investigation. In a very wet season (2009/2010) mineral fertiliser NPK showed an advantage, especially in combinations with zeolite, and this treatment can be recommended.Raž je žito, koje je veoma traženo, naročito za spravljanje specijalnih vrsta hleba, ali se malo gaji u Srbiji. Cilj ovog rada je da se ispita mogućnost organskog gajenja ove biljne vrste, u odnosu na konvencionalni u konkretnim agroekološkim uslovima valjevskog pobrđa 2008/2009. i 2009/2010. godine. Ogled je postavljen u selu Kotešica, na zemljištu koje nije korišćeno u konvencionalnoj proizvodnji 7 godina. U organskom sistemu poljoprivredne proizvodnje, korišćene su kombinacije mikrobiološkog đubriva baktofila sa dva poboljšivača zemljišta zeolita i hidrogela, kojima je tretirano zemljište neposredno pred setvu. Polovina svake elementarne parcele je prihranjena folijarno, takođe mikrobiološkim đubrivom, slavolom u toku vegetacionog perioda biljaka. U konvencionalnom sistemu poljoprivredne proizvodnje uključene su tri varijante sa kompleksnim mineralnim NPK đubrivom i kombinacija sa zeolitom i hidrogelom, kojima je tretirano zemljište neposredno pred setvu. Dobijeni rezultati prosečnih prinosa ozime raži pokazuju značajne razlike između vegetacionih sezona 2008/2009. i 2009/2010. U poređenju sa kontrolom, tretmani u organskom sistemu gajenja nisu dali značajne razlike prosečnih vrednosti prinosa u obe godine istraživanja, dok je prosečan prinos dobijen u konvencionalnom sistemu gajenja bio značajno veći. U uslovima umerene vegetacione sezone 2008/2009. godine u regionu valjevskog pobrđa u organskom sistemu gajenja nije ustanovljeno smanjenje prinosa u odnosu na konvencionalni. Kombinacija zemljišnog sa folijarnim mikrobiološkim đubrivom i zeolitom je dala najbolji rezultat i najveći prinos ozime raži u drugoj godini istraživanja, pa se preporučuje kao najbolja kombinacija u organskom sistemu gajenja. U veoma vlažnoj godini, kao što je bila 2009/2010. mineralna đubriva su pokazala prednost, naročito u kombinaciji sa zeolitom i ovaj tretman se može preporučiti u sličnim uslovima

Potencijal čvrste biomase iz poljoprivrede u Mađarskoj i Srbiji

The research aimed to measure the quantity of agricultural biomass suitable for energy purposes at regional level (mostly in Serbia and Hungary). Furthermore, our common research also aimed to determine the potential of biomass for energy purposes with regards to the grown plants. We also aimed to name the possibilities and ways of utilization of the solid biomasses of various origins. Experiments of this kind have already commenced in Hungary and Serbia, in the Gödöllő-based Hungarian Institute of Agricultural Engineering and the Institute of Agricultural Engineering of the Faculty of Agriculture in Beograd. The potentials of different types of solid biomass from agriculture are presented in the paper. The survey has included the comparative presentation of solid biomass potentials in Hungary and Serbia.U ovom istraživanju vršenaje procena dostupne količine biomase iz poljoprivrede, koja se može iskoristiti za dobijanje energije na regionalnom nivou (Srbija i Mađarska). Uz to, naše zajedničko istraživanje imalo je za cilj i da odredi potencijal biomase za dobijanje energije u odnosu na vrste proizvedene biljne mase. Konačno, pokušali smo i da sagledamo mogućnosti i načine za ujednačavanje čvrste biomase različitog porekla. Slični ogledi su već izvođeni u Mađarskoj i Srbiji, u Mađarskom institutu za poljoprivrednu tehniku u Gödöllő i Institutu za poljoprivrednu tehniku Poljoprivrednog fakulteta u Beogradu. U radu su predstavljeni potencijali različitih tipova čvrste biomase iz poljoprivrede. Pregled je obuhvatio komparativnu prezentaciju potencijala biomase Mađarske i Srbije

Integrating biodiversity in modern agricultural practice

Cultural landscapes-areas that have been modified to varying degrees by human activity, now dominate most of the earth's land surface, and surprisingly high levels of biodiversity are often found in areas devoted to crop production and livestock raising, particularly in "traditional" farming areas. Some of that biodiversity is directly useful to improving agricultural productivity, such as traditional varieties of crops with disease resistance genes and wild or weedy populations of crops that are tapped by breeders for other useful traits. In order to improve agricultural productivity and raise rural incomes, biodiversity must therefore be better managed in transformed habitats. This paper not only outlines measures that can be adopted to reduce off-site impacts of agriculture on biodiversity but also pinpoints policy options to help conserve and better utilize agro-biodiversity-plant and animals, including beneficial insects and other organisms, that are essential for agriculture. In this study will be highlight how best practices are being applied in many different situations and how such practices can alter the agrobiodiversity picture at farm and landscape level

Aktivnost fosfomonoesteraze u zavisnosti od mikrobioloških svojstava zemljišta

In the present work, effects of microbiological soil properties and phosphomonoesterase activity are presented. The abundances of ammonificators, fungi, actinomycetes, Azotobacter sp., cellulolytic microorganisms, microorganisms that solubilize organic and inorganic P compounds bound to Al, Fe and Ca, have been determined by the dilution method with application of selective nutrient mediums. The first five axes explaines 86% of the total variance. The first axis explains 34.6% of variance and it appears to reflect the processes of microbiological mineralization and immobilization of phosphorus. The second axis explains 25.9% of variance and reflects microbial activity and organic matter accumulation, N biomasses, Azotobacter sp. abundance and acid and alkaline PME activities. Phosphomonoesterase activity in soil depend primarily on soil organic matter and biological factors and can be used as a parameter of plants' uptake of phosphorus, especially in conditions of its low concentration in soil.U ovom radu ispitivan je uticaj mikrobioloskih svojstava zemljista i aktivnosti fosfomonoestreaze. Brojnost azotofiksatora, gljiva, aktinomiceta, Azotobacter sp., celulolitičkih mikroorganizama, mikroorganizma koji razlazu organske i neorganske jedinjenja vezana za P, Al, Fe i Ca, utvrđene su postupkom razređivanja s primenom selektivnih hranjivih medija. Prvih pet osa objasnjava 86% ukupne varijanse. Prva osa objašnjava 34,6% varijanse, a odražava procese mikrobiološke mineralizacije i imobilizacije fosfora. Druga osa objašnjava 25,9% varijanse i odražava mikrobiološku aktivnost i nakupljanje organske materije, N biomase, brojnost Azotobacter sp. i aktivnosti kisele i alkalne fosfomonoesteraze. Fosfomonoesterazna djelovanja u tlu primarno zavise od organske materije i bioloških faktora i može se koristiti kao parametar biljnog usvajanja fosfora, naročito u uslovima njegove niske koncentracije u tlu

Upotreba biljaka za proizvodnju energije

We can, beside food / fodder, produce different plants to obtain various forms of energy (electricity, heat, fuel) on the fields. All together with wood from forests and other sources, biomass is the biggest guarantee for the increasing of restoring energy sources in European Union at 12% till 2010. Economy of production of bioenergies in European Union depends on subsidy exception is direct burning of biomass. The decision of individual producer for production of bioenergy depends mostly of its economy or altitude of income. Environmental acceptability of bioenergy (CO2 balance and energy balance) is not always just positive. The production does not assure new working places. Energy use of plants in EU will not essentially reduce the production of plants for food and fodder, but it may influence on the growth of the prices of agricultural products.Na njivama možemo osim hrane za ljude i stoku proizvoditi različite biljne kulture za energiju različitih oblika (električna energija, toplota, gorivo). Ta proizvodnja treba zajedno sa šumskim kulturama (drvo) da ima najveći udeo kod povećanja obnovljivih izvora energije za 12% u Evropskoj Uniji do 2010 godine. Ekonomika bioenergije u EU zavisi od finansijskih subvencija kod svih vrsta, osim kod direktnog sagorevanja biomase za toplotnu energiju. Odluka svakog pojedinog proizvođača za bioenergiju zavisi od ekonomskih faktora odnosno od visine prihoda. Uticaj proizvodnje bioenergije na faktore očuvanja okoline (CO2 bilans i energetski bilans) nije uvek samo pozitivna. Proizvodnja energije, koja zamenjuje poljoprivrednu proizvodnju ne ostvaruje nova radna mesta. Upotreba biljaka zbog energije u EU neće bitno smanjiti proizvodnju biljaka za hranu, a može uticati na povećanje cena poljoprivrednih proizvoda

Possibilities for use of caraway, aniseed and coriander in organic farming

Biljke iz fam Apiaceae sadrže etarska ulja, a njihovi cvetovi su bogati i polenom i nektarom, što ih čini odličnom pašom za pčele, ali su privlačni i za veliki broj drugih korisnih insekata kao što su predatori i parazitoidi štetočina. Zbog toga se ove biljke gaje oko useva kao zaštitni pojas ili čak združeno sa drugim kulturama. Posledica toga je smanjenje brojnosti mnogih štetnih insekatskih vrsta kao što su: Bemisia tabaci, Tuta absoluta i druge. Etarska ulja ovih biljaka deluju insekticidno na skladišne štetočine i na larve komaraca, ali i akaricidno na grinje kućne prašine. Utvrđeno je i nematocidno dejstvo, kao i alelopatsko, što se počelo koristiti i u komercijalne svrhe u organskoj biljnoj proizvodnji. Na primer, u Holandiji je iz kima registrovan preparat na bazi karvona, pod nazivom Tent, koji inhibira klijanje krompira. Etarska ulja iz navedenih biljaka inhibiraju rast gljiva: Alternaria alternata, Penicilium italicum, P digitatum i Botrutis cinerea, što može da se iskoristi za proizvodnju ekološki bezbednih proizvoda u tehnologiji prerade voća i povrća. Takođe, ova ulja imaju i baktericidno dejstvo na Escherichia coli i Bacillus megaterium, što ih čini potencijalnim baktericidima za tretiranje semena u organskoj proizvodnji. Utvrđeno je i virucidno dejstvo.In addition to the fact that plants from family Apiaceae contain essential oils, their flowers are rich in nectar and pollen, which makes them excellent pasture for bees, but they are attractive for a large number of other useful insects such as predators and parasitoids of pests. Therefore, these plants grow around of crops as well as protective girdle, or even combined with other crops. The result is a reduction of many insect pests such as Bemisia tabaci, Tuta absoluta and other. In addition, essential oils of these plants operate insecticide to storage pests and the larvae of mosquitoes and acaricide to house dust mites. In addition to insecticide, was determined and nematocide effect, as well as alleopathic, which was first used for commercial purposes in organic practices. For example, in the Netherlands is registered product based on carvone from caraway called Tent that inhibits sprouting of potatoes. Essential oils from these plants inhibit the growth of fungus: Alternaria alternata, Penicilium italicum, P digitatum and Botrutis cinerea which can be used for the production of environmentally friendly biocides in postharvest technology of fruit and vegetables. Also, these oils have bactericidal activity against Escherichia coli and Bacillus megaterium, which makes them potential bactericides for seed treatment in organic production. The virucidal effect of essential oils from Apiaceae plants was found, also

The effect of plant arrangement pattern on biomass productivity of maize and soyabean intercropping system

In this paper the influence of plant design in intercropping system of soyabean and maize was examined. The two spatial plant designs were applied in the strips and alternate rows. Intercropping was done according to the method of "replacement series" and the main goal of this approach is to change the particular number of plants of one species with another. This examination included four experimental hybrids of maize from various FAO groups of ripening (400,500,600 and 700) and the type of soyabean from O group of ripening (ZPS- 015). The crops were raised in the frame of four field crop rotation (maize– wheat–spring barley+red clover–red clover). The meteorological conditions had big influence on biomass productivity in the period of experiment performance. The plant design in strips was more advantageous in rainless years as it was year of 2003

Čiste tehnologije u agroindustriji i očuvanje životne sredine u poljoprivredi

Within the context of SARD (Sustainable Agriculture Rural Development) climate change intervention has become an area of growing concern for many institutions, especially as there are clear implications to the agricultural sector growth in the developing world. Climate change phenomena can have a substantial impact on agricultural systems and the scientific community has identified large risk factors. Yet, this sector is responsible for 30% of global worming, including deforestation, biomass burning and land use change. This paper highlights technologies and activities in agriculture that could potentially complement and give benefit from their implementation with regards to SARD practices. The paper analyses the changes that SARD activities have initiated in energy efficient agricultural practices and highlights the dual role of sustainable agriculture as both energy supplier and energy consumer. Particular stress is on biomass use as a renewable energy source for producing of biogas and biofuel. The carbon substitution potential in agricultural practices is significant especially as there is generalized need to increase overall agricultural energy inputs to enhance food security and improve productivity.U kontekstu održive poljoprivrede i ruralnog razvoja, promena klime postaje pitanje, kome se posvećuje velika briga u mnogim institucijama, naročito u oblasti poljoprivrede u zemljama u razvoju. Fenomen klimatskih promena ima suštinski uticaj na poljoprivredne sisteme i naučna zajednica ga je identifikovala kao veliki faktor rizika. Mada je ovaj sektor odgovoran za 30% globalnog zagrevanja uključujući uništavanje šuma, spaljivanje biomase i promene namene zemljišta. U ovom radu se navode tehnologije i postupci koji mogu da daju veliku korist u poljoprivredi u saglasnosti sa praksom održive poljoprivrede i ruralnog razvoja. Izvršena je analiza promena koje navedene aktivnosti omogućavaju, u smislu uvođenja tehnologija koji dovode do povećanja energetske efikasnosti i naglašena je dvostruka uloga poljoprivrede kao snabdevača energijom, a u isto vreme i potrošača energije. Posebno je naglašena uloga biomase kao izvora obnovljive energije za proizvodnju biogasa i biogoriva. Potencijal zamene ugljenika u poljoprivrednoj praksi je značajan, naročito tamo gde postoji potreba za povećanjem energetskih inputa u poljoprivredi radi povećanja produktivnosti i sigurnosti hrane

Ekološke posledice upotrebe biljaka za dobijanje energije

Global food and fossil energy consumption are on trajectories to double by 2050. Fossil fuel use has pushed atmospheric carbon dioxide higher than at any time during the past half-million years. While fossil fuels still account for more than 95 percent of the global transportation fuel market, biofuel production is growing roughly 15 percent per year, a rate over ten times that of oil. Under mounting pressure to improve domestic energy security and combat global climate change, countries are now turning to ethanol and biodiesel to meet rising transportation fuel demands. In 2005, the U.S. pledged to nearly double ethanol production by 2012, and the European Community recently announced that biofuels will meet 10 percent of their transportation fuel needs by 2020. Biofuels, if used properly, can help us balance our need for food, energy and a habitable and sustainable environment. To help this happen, though, we need a national biofuels policy that favors our best options. We must determine the carbon impacts of each method of making these fuels, then mandate fuel blending that achieves a prescribed greenhouse gas reduction. We have to have the knowledge and technology to start solving these problems.Globalna potrošnja hrane i energije je na putu da se udvostruči do 2050. godine. Korišćenje fosilnih goriva povećava količinu ugljen-dioksida u atmosferi sada, više nego tokom poslednjih pola miliona godina. Iako fosilna goriva čine 95% globalnog tržišta u sektoru transporta, proizvodnja biogoriva rapidno raste po stopi od 15% godišnje, što je stopa porasta deset puta veća od stope porasta proizvodnje nafte. Pod velikim pritiskom da poboljšaju energetsku sigurnost i borbu protiv klimatskih promena, mnoge zemlje prelaze na etanol i biodizel, kako bi izašle u susret sve većim zahtevima tržišta. U 2005, SAD objavljuju da će duplirati proizvodnju etanola do 2012, a Evropska komisija je skoro objavila da će biogoriva zadovoljiti 10% potrošnje goriva u sektoru transporta do 2020. Biogoriva, ako se koriste kako treba, mogu pomoći u uspostavljanju ravnoteže između naših potreba za hranom, energijom i očuvanja i zaštite životne sredine. Da bi pomogli da se to desi, potrebno je imati nacionalnu politiku za biogoriva, koja će favorizovati najbolje rešenje. Trebalo bi da se odredi uticaj proizvodnje svake vrste goriva na koncentraciju atmosferskog ugljenika, pa odrediti koja mešavina goriva daje propisano smanjenje emisije gasova staklene bašte. Da bi se to postiglo, moramo imati znanje i tehnologije, koje će rešiti ove probleme