This figure shows selected representative fluorescence microscopy images from HBoV DNA positive tumor samples and control cells.

<p><b>a</b>. Rows 1-3 show tissues stained with HBoV-specific probes and DAPI; rows 4-6 show positive and negative controls. LEH and REH correspond to the left end (5’-end) and the right end (3’-end) of the viral genome or the GAPDH gene. Human cells transfected with plasmids with or without human bocavirus genomes as well as mock transfected cells were used as controls. Row 7 shows HepG2 cells stained with probes specific for terminal sequences of the GAPDH gene. <b>b</b>. Enlargement of the merged image of HepG2 cell double stained with probes specific for the human GAPDH gene. This figure shows that the distance between the two different probes at the 5’-end and the 3’-end is large enough to result in separate signals (split signal). <b>c</b>. Merged images of HBoV DNA positive tissues, including a negative control tissue.</p

NF-κB expression in the lung after infection.

<p>Amount of NF-κB in the lungs of 4–6 weeks (A) und 19 months (B) old BALB/c mice after infection with RSV, HMPV or double infection: 4–6 weeks and 19 months old BALB/c-mice were infected with 2×10⁷ geq RSV, or HMPV, or co-infected with 1×10⁷ geq of each virus. Untreated animals, animals anesthetized and treated with cell culture supernatant or PBS or only anesthetized served as controls. Mice were killed by cervical dislocation and the lungs were removed, homogenised. The amount of NF-κB was determined by ELISA. Values were standardized referring to non treated controls (n = 3–5, values are shown as mean ± standard deviation). * significantly different to untreated animals (p<0.05). # signifcantly different to cell culture infected animals (p<0.05). + significantly different to hMPV and hMPV/RSV-infected animals (p<0.05).</p

TNF-α expression in the lung after infection.

<p>Amount of TNF-α in the lungs of 4–6 weeks (A) und 19 months (B) old BALB/c mice after infection with RSV, HMPV or double infection: 4–6 weeks and 19 months old BALB/c mice were infected with 2×10⁷ geq RSV or HMPV, or co-infected with 1×10⁷ geq of each virus. Untreated animals, animals anesthetized and treated with cell culture supernatant or PBS or only anesthetized served as controls. Mice were killed by cervical dislocation and the lungs were removed and homogenised. The amount of TNF-α was determined by ELISA. Values were standardized referring to non treated controls (n = 3–5, values are shown as mean ± standard deviation). * significantly different to untreated animals (p<0.05). # signifcantly different to cell culture infected animals (p<0.05).</p

Soluble Collagen Expression in the infected lung.

<p>Amount of soluble collagens in the lungs of 4–6 weeks (A) und 19 months (B) old BALB/c mice after infection with RSV, HMPV or double infection: 4–6 weeks and 19 months old BALB/c mice were infected with 2×10⁷ geq RSV, or HMPV, or co-infected with 1×10⁷ geq of each virus. Untreated animals, animals anesthetized and treated with cell culture supernatant or PBS or only anesthetized served as controls. Mice were killed by cervical dislocation and the lungs were removed and homogenised. The amount of soluble collagens was determined by a collagen assay. Values were standardized referring to non treated controls (n = 3–5, values are shown as mean ± standard deviation). * significantly different to untreated animals (p<0.05).</p

Viral load of lungs after infection.

<p>Viral load of lungs obtained from 4–6 weeks and 19 months old BALB/c mice after infection with RSV, HMPV or double infection: 4–6 weeks and 19 months old BALB/c mice were infected with 2×10⁷ geq RSV or HMPV, or co-infected with 1×10⁷ geq of each virus. Untreated animals, animals anesthetized and treated with cell culture supernatant or PBS or only anesthetized served as controls. Mice were killed by cervical dislocation and the lungs were removed, homogenised and viral RNA was extracted. The number of genome equivalents was estimated by qRT-PCR (n = 3–5, values are shown as mean ± standard deviation).</p

Weight change of infected animals.

<p>Weight change of 4–6 weeks and 19 month old BALB/c-mice before and after infection with RSV, HMPV or double infection: 4–6 weeks and 19 months old BALB/c mice were infected with 2×10⁷ geq RSV or HMPV, or co-infected with 1×10⁷ geq of each virus. Untreated animals, animals anesthetized and treated with cell culture supernatant or PBS or only anesthetized served as controls. Animals were weighed daily. All values were set in relation to the weight of the animals on day 1. The red line marks the day of infection (n = 5, values are shown as mean).</p

Daily food consumption of infected animals.

<p>Daily food-consumption of 4–6 weeks (A) and 19 month (B) old BALB/c mice before and after infection with RSV, HMPV or double infection: 4–6 weeks and 19 months old BALB/c mice were infected with 2×10⁷ geq RSV or HMPV, or co-infected with 1×10⁷ geq of each virus. Untreated animals, animals anesthetized and treated with cell culture supernatant or PBS or only anesthetized served as controls. The food consumption was recorded at the beginning of the experiment, on the day of inoculation and at the end of the experiment. Values were standardized referring to the values before infection (n = 3–5, values are shown as mean ± standard deviation). + significanty different to the corresponding value before infection (b.i.) (p<0.05).</p

Overview on the comparison of three diagnostic procedures for the detection of RSV

<p>Overview on the comparison of three diagnostic procedures for the detection of RSV</p

Overview on the predictive values of three diagnostic procedures for the detection of RSV

<p>Overview on the predictive values of three diagnostic procedures for the detection of RSV</p

Alignment of head and tail sequences of several published HBoV isolates.

<p>Most isolates differ in the length of the published sequences. Red boxes indicate primer binding sites of the head and tail primers used in this study, respectively. Nucleotide numbering is according to the longest isolate sequences used in the alignment.</p