AS CAUSAS DOS HOMICÍDIOS EM PERNAMBUCO- CONTRASTANDO A NARRATIVA OFICIAL E A EXPERIÊNCIA DA POPULAÇÃO

Após um período de forte queda iniciado em 2007, em paralelo com a implantação do Pacto Pela Vida, os índices oficiais de homicídio de Pernambuco tem experimentado um notável aumento a partir do ano de 2014. Segundo relatórios e declarações da Secretaria de Defesa Social (SDS) do Governo do Estado, a maior parte desses crimes ocorre entre presidiários, ex-presidiários e membros do crime organizado, especialmente traficantes de drogas. Isso contradiz os achados de diversos estudos acerca dos mecanismos e processos psicossociais subjacentes aos crimes violentos letais no Nordeste e em Pernambuco, a maior parte dos quais tende a apontar uma "cultura da honra" e uma ausência de governo como as principais causas. Tem-se ainda o fato de existir uma notória falta de transparência e acesso quanto aos dados acerca dos homicídios no estado. Dado tudo isso, o presente trabalho propõe-se a identificar o perfil das vítimas e autores dos homicídios na Região Metropolitana do Recife, incluindo as circunstâncias e motivos de tais crimes e sua relevância, a partir das vivências diretas da população, ou seja, suas experiências com a ocorrência de homicídio de membro da família, de pessoa conhecida fora da família e com o contato pessoal com autor de homicídio. A partir de uma análise estatística dos dados oriundos da aplicação de um questionário a um total de 608 respondentes da Região Metropolitana do Recife, foram obtidos resultados apontando que: (a) a grande maioria das vítimas não tinha histórico prisional, (b) a grande maioria dos homicídios não envolvia qualquer atividade criminal da parte da vítima ou do autor, inclusive qualquer relação com o narcotráfico, (c) na grande maioria dos homicídios, a vítima não fez por merecer o crime realizado contra ela, (d) o perfil das vítimas era de uma vasta maioria do sexo masculino, idade entre 15 e 44 anos, com quase metade dos crimes envolvendo disputas pessoais e outros elementos não criminais, (e) os homicídios em Pernambuco são tidos pela população como sendo um problema social bastante grave e mal resolvido pelo governo estadual. Esses achados levam a concluir que o discurso oficial do Governo de Pernambuco acerca dos homicídios no estado é inconsistente com a experiência da população e consistentes com estudos anteriores acerca do assunto. Ao final, são apresentadas implicações e sugestões. Palavras Chave: Homicídios, Pernambuco, Criminologia, Cultura da Honra, Narcotráfic

Effect of F1 and F2 generations on genetic variability and working steps of doubled haploid production in maize.

For doubled haploid (DH) production in maize, F1 generation has been the most frequently used for haploid induction due to facility in the process. However, using F2 generation would be a good alternative to increase genetic variability owing to the additional recombination in meiosis. Our goals were to compare the effect of F1 and F2 generations on DH production in tropical germplasm, evaluating the R1-navajo expression in seeds, the working steps of the methodology, and the genetic variability of the DH lines obtained. Sources germplasm in F1 and F2 generations were crossed with the tropicalized haploid inducer LI-ESALQ. After harvest, for both induction crosses were calculated the haploid induction rate (HIR), diploid seed rate (DSR), and inhibition seed rate (ISR) using the total number of seeds obtained. In order to study the effectiveness of the DH working steps in each generation, the percentage per se and the relative percentage were verified. In addition, SNP markers were obtained for genetic variability studies. Results showed that the values for HIR, ISR, and DSR were 1.23%, 23.48%, and 75.21% for F1 and 1.78%, 15.82%, and 82.38% for F2, respectively. The effectiveness of the DH working step showed the same percentage per se value (0.4%) for F1 and F2, while the relative percentage was 27.2% for F1 and 22.4% for F2. Estimates of population parameters in DH lines from F1 were higher than F2. Furthermore, population structure and kinship analyses showed that one additional generation was not sufficient to create new genotype subgroups. Additionally, the relative efficiency of the response to selection in the F1 was 31.88% higher than F2 due to the number of cycles that are used to obtain the DH. Our results showed that in tropical maize, the use of F1 generation is recommended due to a superior balance between time and genetic variability

NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES: a data set on carnivore distribution in the Neotropics

Mammalian carnivores are considered a key group in maintaining ecological health and can indicate potential ecological integrity in landscapes where they occur. Carnivores also hold high conservation value and their habitat requirements can guide management and conservation plans. The order Carnivora has 84 species from 8 families in the Neotropical region: Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Otariidae; Phocidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae. Herein, we include published and unpublished data on native terrestrial Neotropical carnivores (Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae). NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES is a publicly available data set that includes 99,605 data entries from 35,511 unique georeferenced coordinates. Detection/non-detection and quantitative data were obtained from 1818 to 2018 by researchers, governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, and private consultants. Data were collected using several methods including camera trapping, museum collections, roadkill, line transect, and opportunistic records. Literature (peer-reviewed and grey literature) from Portuguese, Spanish and English were incorporated in this compilation. Most of the data set consists of detection data entries (n = 79,343; 79.7%) but also includes non-detection data (n = 20,262; 20.3%). Of those, 43.3% also include count data (n = 43,151). The information available in NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES will contribute to macroecological, ecological, and conservation questions in multiple spatio-temporal perspectives. As carnivores play key roles in trophic interactions, a better understanding of their distribution and habitat requirements are essential to establish conservation management plans and safeguard the future ecological health of Neotropical ecosystems. Our data paper, combined with other large-scale data sets, has great potential to clarify species distribution and related ecological processes within the Neotropics. There are no copyright restrictions and no restriction for using data from this data paper, as long as the data paper is cited as the source of the information used. We also request that users inform us of how they intend to use the data