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Predictors of Stunting, Wasting and Underweight among Tanzanian Children Born to HIV-Infected Women.
Children born to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected women are susceptible to undernutrition, but modifiable risk factors and the time course of the development of undernutrition have not been well characterized. The objective of this study was to identify maternal, socioeconomic and child characteristics that are associated with stunting, wasting and underweight among Tanzanian children born to HIV-infected mothers, followed from 6 weeks of age for 24 months. Maternal and socioeconomic characteristics were recorded during pregnancy, data pertaining to the infant's birth were collected immediately after delivery, morbidity histories and anthropometric measurements were performed monthly. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards methods were used to assess the association between potential predictors and the time to first episode of stunting, wasting and underweight. A total of 2387 infants (54.0% male) were enrolled and followed for a median duration of 21.2 months. The respective prevalence of prematurity (<37 weeks) and low birth weight (<2500 g) was 15.2% and 7.0%; 11.3% of infants were HIV-positive at 6 weeks. Median time to first episode of stunting, wasting and underweight was 8.7, 7.2 and 7.0 months, respectively. Low maternal education, few household possessions, low infant birth weight, child HIV infection and male sex were all independent predictors of stunting, wasting and underweight. In addition, preterm infants were more likely to become wasted and underweight, whereas those with a low Apgar score at birth were more likely to become stunted. Interventions to improve maternal education and nutritional status, reduce mother-to-child transmission of HIV, and increase birth weight may lower the risk of undernutrition among children born to HIV-infected women
Phase diagram of multiferroic KCuAsO(OD)
The layered compound KCuAsO(OD), comprising distorted kagome
planes of Cu ions, is a recent addition to the family of type-II
multiferroics. Previous zero field neutron diffraction work has found two
helically ordered regimes in \kns, each showing a distinct coupling between the
magnetic and ferroelectric order parameters. Here, we extend this work to
magnetic fields up to ~T using neutron powder diffraction, capacitance,
polarization, and high-field magnetization measurements, hence determining the
phase diagram. We find metamagnetic transitions in both low temperatures
phases around ~T, which neutron powder diffraction reveals
to correspond to a rotation of the helix plane away from the easy plane, as
well as a small change in the propagation vector. Furthermore, we show that the
sign of the ferroelectric polarization is reversible in a magnetic field,
although no change is observed (or expected on the basis of the magnetic
structure) due to the transition at ~T. We finally justify the temperature
dependence of the polarization in both zero-field ordered phases by a symmetry
analysis of the free energy expansion
Perspective on Reversible to Irreversible Transitions in Periodic Driven Many Body Systems and Future Directions For Classical and Quantum Systems
Reversible to irreversible (R-IR) transitions arise in numerous periodically
driven collectively interacting systems that, after a certain number of driving
cycles, organize into a reversible state where the particle trajectories
repeat, or remain irreversible with chaotic motion. R-IR transitions were first
systematically studied for periodically sheared dilute colloids, and appear in
a wide variety of both soft and hard matter systems, including amorphous
solids, crystals, vortices in type-II superconductors, and magnetic textures.
In some cases, the reversible transition is an absorbing phase transition with
a critical divergence in the organization time scale. R-IR systems can store
multiple memories and exhibit return point memory. We give an overview of R-IR
transitions including recent advances in the field, and discuss how the general
framework of R-IR transitions could be applied to a much broader class of
periodically driven nonequilibrium systems, including soft and hard condensed
matter systems, astrophysics, biological systems, and social systems. Some
likely candidate systems are commensurate-incommensurate states, systems
exhibiting hysteresis or avalanches, and nonequilibrium pattern forming states.
Periodic driving could be applied to hard condensed matter systems to see if
R-IR transitions occur in metal-insulator transitions, semiconductors, electron
glasses, electron nematics, cold atom systems, or Bose-Einstein condensates.
R-IR transitions could also be examined in dynamical systems where
synchronization or phase locking occurs. We discuss the use of complex periodic
driving such as changing drive directions or multiple frequencies as a method
to retain complex multiple memories. Finally, we describe features of classical
and quantum time crystals that could suggest the occurrence of R-IR transitions
in these systems.Comment: 25 pages, 27 figure
Theoretical Description of Resistive Behavior near a Quantum Vortex-Glass Transition
Resistive behaviors at nonzero temperatures (T > 0) reflecting a quantum
vortex-glass (VG) transition (the so-called field-tuned
superconductor-insulator transition at T=0) are studied based on a quantum
Ginzburg-Landau (GL) action for a s-wave pairing case containing microscopic
details. The ordinary dissipative dynamics of the pair-field is assumed on the
basis of a consistency between the fluctuation conductance terms excluded from
GL approach and an observed negative magnetoresistance. It is shown that the VG
contribution, G_{vg}(B=B_{vg}, T \to 0),to 2D fluctuation conductance at the VG
transition field B_{vg} depends on the strength of a repulsive-interaction
between electrons and takes a universal value only in the ordinary dirty limit
neglecting the electron-repulsion. Available resistivity data near B_{vg} are
discussed based on our results, and extensions to the cases of a d-wave pairing
and of 3D systems are briefly commented on.Comment: Explanation of data in strongly disordered case, as well as Fig.2 and
3, was renewed, and comments on recent publications were added. To appear in
J.Phys.Soc. Jp
Radiofrequency ablation of lung tumours
Pulmonary radiofrequency ablation (RFA) has become an increasingly adopted treatment option for primary and metastatic lung tumours. It is mainly performed in patients with unresectable or medically inoperable lung neoplasms. The immediate technical success rate is over 95%, with a low periprocedural mortality rate and 8–12% major complication rate. Pneumothorax represents the most frequent complication, but requires a chest tube drain in less than 10% of cases. Sustained complete tumour response has been reported in 85–90% of target lesions. Lesion size represents the most important risk factor for local recurrence. Survival data are still scarce, but initial results are very promising. In patients with stage I non-small-cell lung cancer, 1- and 2-year survival rates are within the ranges of 78–95% and 57–84%, respectively, with corresponding cancer-specific survival rates of 92% and 73%. In selected cases, the combination of RFA and radiotherapy could improve these results. In patients with colorectal lung metastasis, initial studies have reported survival data that compare favourably with the results of metastasectomy, with up to a 45% 5-year survival rate. Further studies are needed to understand the potential role of RFA as a palliative treatment in more advanced disease and the possible combination of RFA with other treatment options
Nucleation of Stable Superconductivity in YBCO-Films
By means of the linear dynamic conductivity, inductively measured on
epitaxial films between 30mHz and 30 MHz, the transition line to
generic superconductivity is studied in fields between B=0 and 19T. It follows
closely the melting line described recently in terms of a blowout of
thermal vortex loops in clean materials. The critical exponents of the
correlation length and time near , however, seem to be dominated by
some intrinsic disorder. Columnar defects produced by heavy-ion irradiation up
to field-equivalent-doses of lead to a disappointing reduction
of while for the generic line of the pristine film
is recovered. These novel results are also discussed in terms of a loop-driven
destruction of generic superconductivity.Comment: 11 pages including 7 EPS figures, accepted for publication in the
Proceedings of the Spring Meeting of the German Physical Society, Muenster
1999,Festkoerperprobleme/Advances in Solid State Physics 199
Microscopic Study of Quantum Vortex-Glass Transition Field in Two-Dimensional Superconductors
The position of a field-tuned superconductor-insulator quantum transition
occuring in disordered thin films is examined within the mean field
approximation. Our calculation shows that the microscopic disorder-induced
reduction of the quantum transition point found experimentally cannot be
explained if the interplay between the disorder and an electron-electron
repulsive interaction is ignored. This work is presented as a microscopic basis
of an explanation (cond-mat/0105122) of resistive phenomena near the transition
field.Comment: 16 pages, 5 figures. To appear in J.Phys.Soc.Jp
Negative-chirality order in kagome antiferromagnet CdCu(OH)(NO)HO
The neutron diffraction and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements
have been used to microscopically analyze the magnetic structure in the kagome antiferromagnet CdCu(OH)(NO)HO.
Below the magnetic ordering temperature K, magnetic Bragg
reflections at (110) and (100) were found in the neutron diffraction pattern,
which suggests a magnetic structure. Furthermore, the vector spin
chirality for the structure was successfully identified from the internal
field direction obtained by the N-NMR measurement. Our findings point to
a chirality-ordered magnetic structure with negative vector chirality and
anisotropy.Comment: 6 pages, 5 figure
Transitioning to Dolutegravir in a Programmatic Setting: Virological Outcomes and Associated Factors Among Treatment-Naive Patients With HIV-1 in the Kilombero and Ulanga Antiretroviral Cohort in Rural Tanzania.
BACKGROUND
Virological outcome data after programmatic transition from non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)-based to dolutegravir (DTG)-based antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) outside of clinical trials are scarce. We compared viral suppression and associated factors in treatment-naïve people living with HIV (PLHIV) starting DTG- based versus NNRTI-based ART.
METHODS
We compared virological suppression at 12 months, after treatment initiation in the two cohorts of participants aged ≥15 years, initiating DTG- and NNRTI-based ART. Drug resistance was assessed among participants with viremia ≥50 copies/mL on DTG.
RESULTS
Viral suppression was achieved for 165/195 (85%) and 154/211 (73%) participants in the DTG- and NNRTI- cohorts, respectively (P = 0.003). DTG-based ART was associated with >2 times the odds of viral suppression versus NNRTI-based ART (adjusted odds ratio, 2.10 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.12-3.94]; adjusted risk ratio, 1.11 [95% CI, 1.00-1.24]). HIV-1 genotypic resistance testing (GRT) before ART initiation was done in 14 of 30 viremic participants on DTG, among whom nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI), NNRTI, and protease inhibitors resistance was detected in 0 (0%), 2 (14%) and 1 (7%), respectively. No resistance was found in the 2 of 30 participants with available GRT at the time of viremia ≥50 copies/mL.
CONCLUSIONS
Virological suppression at 1 year was higher in participants initiating DTG- versus NNRTI-based ART. In those with viremia ≥50 copies/mL on DTG-based ART, there was no pretreatment or acquired resistance to the DTG co-administered NRTIs, although the number of samples tested was small
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