Synthesis and biomedical applications of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles MIONs: a brief review

Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (MIONs) with multifunctional properties have recently attracted significant attention from researchers, not only for their intrinsic scientific value, but also for the plethora of technological applications enabled by their wondrous properties. MIONs are defined by their dipole configuration in the absence and presence of an external magnetic field, and their applications are diverse, including electronic, environmental, and biomedical. MIONs are well-known for their superparamagnetic properties, small size, and broad range of applications. MIONs have been found to be biocompatible with the human system to a degree since haemoglobin's chelator is composed of Fe (II) atoms. MIONs with desirable properties and a wide variety of biomedical applications are highly sought after. MIONs have received widespread recognition for their countless applications in a variety of fields, including nanobiotechnology and biomedicine. Due to their superparamagnetic properties and small size, MIONs are widely used in a variety of fields. Thus, this review highlights and describes the research related to biomedical applications based on MIONs synthesised using various approaches. This semi systematic mini review summarises the work that has been done thus far on MIONs, beginning with an overview of the various methods used to fabricate MIONs, including physical, chemical, and biological methods. Due to the importance of the surface chemistry of MIONs in biomedical applications, this review focuses on several common synthesis methods and their associated used in biomedical applications are defined. This review will assist new researchers in selecting appropriate MIONs synthesis techniques and for their research interests. MIONs are discussed as a vehicle for targeted drug delivery, as well as their use in cancer treatment via hyperthermia. Other biomedical applications discussed in detail include magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic targeting

Cocoa pod husks as precursors for biosynthesis of carbon dots as potential bioimaging tool

Recent zero-dimensional carbon dots (CDs) have dominated the world of nanomaterials due to their ease of synthesis and nature of their precursors. The aim of this study is to synthesize, characterize and evaluate cytotoxicity of CDs from agricultural waste CPH for its potential use in the bioimaging field. The TEM analysis and particle size distribution curve revealed that the particles had a diameter of 10-30 nm, sphere-shaped and exhibited lattice fringes with a d-spacing of 0.196 nm. XRD analysis revealed a broad peak at 2Ɵ = 20.71°, indicating the existence of carbon. FTIR confirmed the presence of multiple functional chemical groups on the surface of the CPH CDs consist of C=O, N–H, C–N, and C–O–C. Due to the electronic transition’s characteristic of CDs, the UV-Vis absorption spectrum revealed two distinct peaks at 235 and 293 nm. PL spectra of CPH CDs revealed a red shift in the emission peak from 400 to 410 nm as the excitation wavelength increased from 320 to 380 nm. We used brine shrimp and human colon adenocarcinoma cells (Caco2) in vitro to determine the cytotoxicity of CPH CDs. In terms of brine shrimp assay, we found that 0.001 mg/ml showed lower lethality percentage with 57.93 ± 9.77 %. The cytotoxicity of CPH CDs was assessed in vitro using the MTT assay and Caco2 cell line's viability decreased with increasing concentration (IC50 = 155 ug/ml). Due to their favorable properties and low cytotoxicity, CPH CDs have the potential to be used as bioimaging tools

Leptorinth

Young learners have impressionable minds and are curious by nature, which allows the cultivation of a younger generation of future learners who are exposed to endless possibilities. Learning with games encourages an increase in student engagement and the information transfer becomes easier. Leptorinth integrates AR into its gameplay which allows the players to learn of the devastating effects of leptospirosis. During the process of playing the game, they become independent, thus encouraging their kinaesthetic learning with the aid of augmented reality (AR). Public awareness of such diseases where a game is involved, interests and encourages the community to learn with delight