Flavonoid compounds related to seed coat color of wheat

<p>In red wheat, reddish-brown pigments accumulate in testa of mature seeds. Half-cut wheat seeds were immersed in <i>p</i>-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde (DMACA) reagent that stains flavanol structures blue. Testa of 10–40 days after flowering (DAF) in red wheat (“Norin 61” and “Satonosora”) seeds were stained blue and the reagent color changed to blue with 10–25 DAF seeds. No blue staining was observed in white wheat (“Tamaizumi”) seeds during maturation. “Norin 61” seed coats at 10 DAF contained dihydroquercetin, dihydromyricetin, (+)-catechin, procyanidin B3, and prodelphinidin B3, which were identified by HPLC-diode array detector and LC-MS/MS analyses. These five components began accumulating 7 DAF, reached maxima at 10 or 15 DAF, and then decreased in red wheat seeds, but were not detected in white wheat seeds. These results suggest that flavanol and proanthocyanidins are possible precursors of the reddish-brown pigments of red wheat seeds, and are converted to insoluble compounds as the seeds mature.</p> <p>Dihydroflavonols, flavanol, and proanthocyanidin dimers accumulated in immature red wheat seeds, whose mature seed coat has reddish-brown pigments, but not in white wheat seeds.</p

Additional file 1 of Bleeding risk factors and real-world antithrombotic therapies in elderly patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: a retrospective study

Additional File 1: Supplementary material 1 to 10