Supporting data from Foraging intention affects whether willow tits call to attract members of mixed-species flocks

Data sheets of patch discovery and playback experiment

Results of <i>Kr</i>-tests: reciprocity of licking and correlations with female–female dyadic variables.

*<p>p<0.005. Variables with “-” on the right side of the table were controlled variables in partial <i>Kr</i>-tests.</p

Distribution of licking among females.

<p>Each dyad is plotted on a plane according to the summed frequency of licking given by one lion to the other, and vice versa. The cumulative number of dyads is indicated by the height.</p

Results of <i>Kr</i>-tests: reciprocity of head rubbing and correlations with dyadic variables.

*<p>p<0.05. Variables with “-” on the right side of the table were controlled variables in the partial Kr-tests.</p>†<p>When immediate exchange was excluded, reciprocity controlled for age difference dropped below significance level (<i>p</i><0.1).</p

Boxplot of the frequency of licking for each sex classs dyad.

<p>Bold lines indicate medians.</p

Pictures of lion affiliative interactions.

<p>A male rubs its head against the forehead of a resting male (left) and a female licks another female’s face (right).</p

Boxplot of the frequency of head rubbing for each sex classs dyad.

<p>Bold lines indicate medians and circles denote outliers.</p

Distribution of head rubbing among all individuals.

<p>Each dyad is plotted on a plane according to the summed frequency of head rubbing given by one lion to the other, and vice versa. The cumulative number of dyads is indicated by the height.</p

Kinship in the subject group of lions.

<p>Males are indicated by underlined IDs. Siblings from the same litter are connected by vertical lines. Bold, dashed and double lines represent three different sire males. Birth years are indicated at the bottom.</p

video of redirected aggerssion from Redirected aggression as a conflict management tactic in the social cichlid fish <i>Julidochromis regani</i>

Conflict management consists of social behaviours that reduce the costs of conflict among group members. Redirected aggression—that is, when a recently attacked individual attacks a third party immediately after the original aggression—is considered a conflict management tactic, as it may reduce the victim's probability of being the object of further aggression. Redirected aggression has been reported in many vertebrates, but few quantitative studies have been conducted on this behaviour in fish. We examined the function of redirected aggression in <i>Julidochromis regani</i>, a social cichlid fish. Behavioural experiments showed that redirected aggression functioned to divert the original aggressor's attention toward a third party and to pre-empt an attack towards the victim by the third-party individual, specifically among females. We found, however, that redirected aggression did not delay the recurrence of aggression by the original aggressor. These results suggest that a primary function of redirected aggression is to maintain the dominance of its actor against a subordinate occupying an adjacent rank. This study provides the first evidence that redirected aggression functions to manage conflict in social fish