Identification of Api88 Binding Partners in <i>Escherichia coli</i> Using a Photoaffinity-Cross-Link Strategy and Label-Free Quantification

Gene-encoded antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) kill bacteria very efficiently by either lytic mechanisms or inhibition of specific bacterial targets. Proline-rich AMPs (PrAMPs), for example, produced in insects and mammals rely on the second mechanism. They bind to the 70 kDa bacterial heat shock protein DnaK and the 60 kDa chaperonin GroEL and interfere with protein folding, but this does not explain their strong bactericidal effects. Thus, we looked for further binding partners of apidaecin 1b, originally identified in honey bees, and two rationally optimized analogues (Api88 and Api137). Because affinity chromatography using Api88 as an immobilized ligand enriched only a few proteins at low levels besides DnaK, we synthesized Api88 analogues substituting Tyr7 with <i>p</i>-benzoyl-phenylalanine (Bpa), which can cross-link the peptide to binding partners after UV irradiation. <i>Escherichia coli</i> was incubated with biotinylated Api88 Tyr7Bpa or the corresponding all-d-peptide, irradiated, and lysed. The protein extract was enriched by streptavidin, separated by SDS-PAGE, digested with trypsin, and analyzed by nanoRP-UPLC-ESI-QqTOF-MS/MS. Among the 41 proteins identified, 34 were detected only in the l-Api88 Tyr7Bpa sample, including five 70S ribosomal proteins, DNA-directed RNA polymerase, and pyruvate dehydrogenase, indicating that PrAMPs might interfere with protein translation and energy metabolism

Identification of Api88 Binding Partners in <i>Escherichia coli</i> Using a Photoaffinity-Cross-Link Strategy and Label-Free Quantification

Gene-encoded antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) kill bacteria very efficiently by either lytic mechanisms or inhibition of specific bacterial targets. Proline-rich AMPs (PrAMPs), for example, produced in insects and mammals rely on the second mechanism. They bind to the 70 kDa bacterial heat shock protein DnaK and the 60 kDa chaperonin GroEL and interfere with protein folding, but this does not explain their strong bactericidal effects. Thus, we looked for further binding partners of apidaecin 1b, originally identified in honey bees, and two rationally optimized analogues (Api88 and Api137). Because affinity chromatography using Api88 as an immobilized ligand enriched only a few proteins at low levels besides DnaK, we synthesized Api88 analogues substituting Tyr7 with <i>p</i>-benzoyl-phenylalanine (Bpa), which can cross-link the peptide to binding partners after UV irradiation. <i>Escherichia coli</i> was incubated with biotinylated Api88 Tyr7Bpa or the corresponding all-d-peptide, irradiated, and lysed. The protein extract was enriched by streptavidin, separated by SDS-PAGE, digested with trypsin, and analyzed by nanoRP-UPLC-ESI-QqTOF-MS/MS. Among the 41 proteins identified, 34 were detected only in the l-Api88 Tyr7Bpa sample, including five 70S ribosomal proteins, DNA-directed RNA polymerase, and pyruvate dehydrogenase, indicating that PrAMPs might interfere with protein translation and energy metabolism

Api88 Is a Novel Antibacterial Designer Peptide To Treat Systemic Infections with Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Pathogens

The emergence of multiple-drug-resistant (MDR) bacterial pathogens in hospitals (nosocomial infections) presents a global threat of growing importance, especially for Gram-negative bacteria with extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) or the novel New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase 1 (NDM-1) resistance. Starting from the antibacterial peptide apidaecin 1b, we have optimized the sequence to treat systemic infections with the most threatening human pathogens, such as <i>Escherichia coli</i>, <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i>, <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>, and <i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i>. The lead compound Api88 enters bacteria without lytic effects at the membrane and inhibits chaperone DnaK at the substrate binding domain with a <i>K</i>_D of 5 μmol/L. The Api88-DnaK crystal structure revealed that Api88 binds with a seven residue long sequence (PVYIPRP), in two different modes. Mice did not show any sign of toxicity when Api88 was injected four times intraperitoneally at a dose of 40 mg/kg body weight (BW) within 24 h, whereas three injections of 1.25 mg/kg BW and 5 mg/kg BW were sufficient to rescue all animals in lethal sepsis models using pathogenic <i>E. coli</i> strains ATCC 25922 and Neumann, respectively. Radioactive labeling showed that Api88 enters all organs investigated including the brain and is cleared through both the liver and kidneys at similar rates. In conclusion, Api88 is a novel, highly promising, 18-residue peptide lead compound with favorable <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> properties including a promising safety margin