Expression levels of 24 honeybee genes in response to various stressors, alone or in combination, 7 or 11 days after experiment initiation (d.a.i).

<p>Log fold change is given together with the p-value in parentheses. Significant expression changes (p-value ≤0.05) are shown in bold.</p

Honeybee genes whose expression is significantly modified in response to at least one treatment (<i>N. ceranae</i> infection, chronic exposure to fipronil or a combination of both stressors) compared to the untreated control, 1 or 7 days after the experiment initiation.

<p>The log₂ ratio of the normalized transcript content relative to the control at the same day is given together with the adjusted p-value in parentheses. Significant expression changes (adjusted p-value <0.1) are shown in bold.</p

Impact of <i>N. ceranae</i> and fipronil on gene expression or enzyme activity in the honeybee.

<p>The figure presents a selection of genes or enzymes whose expression or activity has been shown to significantly increase (<b>↑</b>) or decrease (<b>↓</b>) under exposure to <i>N. ceranae</i> (red), to fipronil (green), or to a <i>N. ceranae</i>-fipronil combination (purple) in the present work or in previous studies: ¹Antunez <i>et al.</i>, 2009; ²Chaimanee <i>et al.</i>, 2012; ³Dussaubat <i>et al.</i>, 2012; ⁴Vidau <i>et al.</i>, 2011.</p

Effect of <i>N. ceranae</i> and fipronil, alone or in combination, on honeybee survival.

<p>Data give the cumulative proportion of surviving honeybees exposed to no treatment (blue), <i>N. ceranae</i> (red), fipronil (green), or a <i>N. ceranae</i>-fipronil combination (pink). <i>N. ceranae</i>-treated honeybees were individually infected at their emergence (day 0) and fipronil-treated ones were chronically and orally exposed to fipronil (1.3 μg/L) from day 0 to day 7. Data from 165 honeybees per experimental condition were analysed using the Kaplan-Meier method.</p

Absorption (continuous line) and fluorescence (dotted line) properties of the isolated PEII complexes

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Diversity and evolution of phycobilisomes in marine spp.: a comparative genomics study"</p><p>http://genomebiology.com/2007/8/12/R259</p><p>Genome Biology 2007;8(12):R259-R259.</p><p>Published online 5 Dec 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC2246261.</p><p></p> PEII-A (as in sp. WH7803); PEII-B (as in sp. RCC307); PEII-C (as in spp. CC9605 and WH8102). Type IV chromatic adapters have a PEII-B under white or green light and a PEII-C under blue light [34]

Proposed models of PBS structure for the different pigment types and subtypes

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Diversity and evolution of phycobilisomes in marine spp.: a comparative genomics study"</p><p>http://genomebiology.com/2007/8/12/R259</p><p>Genome Biology 2007;8(12):R259-R259.</p><p>Published online 5 Dec 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC2246261.</p><p></p> PBS cores are generally composed of three cylinders, but in some chromatic adapters possessing an extended L, it is likely composed of two additional half cylinders (see, for example, [58]). In pigment type 1, rods are composed of C-PC only; in pigment type 2, rods are composed of either C-PC, or R-PCIII and a PEI-like phycobiliprotein; in pigment type 3, rods comprise R-PC and two PE types (PEI and PEII). Cells of the latter pigment type bind PEB and PUB at a low (3a), medium (3b), high (3c) or variable (3d or type IV chromatic adapter) ratio. Colored stars indicate the pigment type of each strain (see Figure 1 for color code)

Comparison of PBS rod gene regions of the different pigment types of marine

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Diversity and evolution of phycobilisomes in marine spp.: a comparative genomics study"</p><p>http://genomebiology.com/2007/8/12/R259</p><p>Genome Biology 2007;8(12):R259-R259.</p><p>Published online 5 Dec 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC2246261.</p><p></p> Rectangles above and below the lines have a length proportional to the size of ORFs and correspond to the forward and the reverse strand, respectively. In several genomes, the sense of the rod region was inversed so that the regions all appear in the same direction. For the group formed by the chromatic adapters and RCC307, a few variations can be found with regard to the region shown here, which corresponds to BL107. First, the lyase-encoding gene(s) located near the 3'-end can either be a operon or , a -like fusion gene (see text). Second, the gene organization at the 5'-end can vary: is located elsewhere in the genome of RCC307 and the gene following is either the lyase gene in RS9916 and RCC307, in BL107 and CC9902, or none of these in CC9311. Colored stars indicate the pigment type of each strain (see Figure 1 for color code)

Absorption (continuous line) and fluorescence (dotted line) properties of isolated PBP complexes

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Diversity and evolution of phycobilisomes in marine spp.: a comparative genomics study"</p><p>http://genomebiology.com/2007/8/12/R259</p><p>Genome Biology 2007;8(12):R259-R259.</p><p>Published online 5 Dec 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC2246261.</p><p></p> C-PC (as in spp. RS9917, WH5701 and WH8018); PEI-A* (as in spp. WH8018 and WH7805); PEI-A (as in spp. WH7803, Almo03 and RS9912); PEI-B (as in spp. WH8102, CC9605 and Oli31)

Effect of <i>N. ceranae</i> infection on ECOD (A) and GST (B) activities at 10 days p.i. in midgut and fat body of honeybees.

<p>Data represent the mean of specific activity (nmoles/min/mg of proteins +/− standard deviation, sd) from 6 replicates (45 honeybees/replicate) of control and infected honeybees. Asterisks indicate the level of significance at p<0.01 (**). ECOD: 7-ethoxycoumarin-O-deethylase; GST: Glutathione-S-Transferase.</p

Infection monitoring.

<p>(A) Semi-thin sections of midgut epithelium of control (left) and infected (right) honeybees stained with toluidin blue. Arrows indicate <i>N. ceranae</i> foci. Bar = 25 µm. (B) Effect of <i>N. ceranae</i> infection on sucrose consumption. Data represent the mean of cumulative sucrose consumption (mg/bee +/− standard deviation, sd) from 9 replicates, each containing 50 honeybees.</p