3 research outputs found
Cardiogenesis changes under the impact of cadmium chloride in rat embryogenesis
The purpose of the experimental study was to determine the impact of cadmium chloride on the overall course of cardiogenesis with intragastric administration throughout the entire pregnancy period in rats. Experimental studies were carried out on female Wistar rats. To simulate the effect of cadmium chloride throughout the pregnancy, Wistar female rats were daily administered the aqueous solution of cadmium chloride per os via a probe at the dose of 1.0 mg/kg. The cardiofetal index growing in the group of exposure to cadmium chloride indicates an increase in the cardiac weight in the group when the embryo body weight is reduced due to intoxication. Microscopically, in 12.3% of rats the atrium endocardium hyperplasia was detected in the group exposed to cadmium chloride at the indicated dose. In 26-29% of rats cadmium chloride also led to changes in the formation of the embryo heart ventricles wall: thickening of both the compact and trabecular myocardium layers and the formation of abnormal forms of trabeculas.
ΠΠ΅ΡΠ° Π΅ΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ:
Π²ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΈ Π²ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ² Π½Π° Π·Π°Π³Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ Ρ
ΡΠ΄ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅Π·Ρ
Ρ
Π»ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΄Ρ ΠΊΠ°Π΄ΠΌΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌΡ
Π²Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½Ρ Π²ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΆ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π²Π°Π³ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Ρ ΡΡΡΡΠ².
ΠΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Ρ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ Π½Π°
ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΡΡΡ
ΡΡΡΡΠ² Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ Wistar. ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ Π²ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Ρ
Ρ
Π»ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠ°Π΄ΠΌΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΌ Π²ΡΡΡΡ Π²Π°Π³ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΌ
ΡΡΡΡΠ² Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ Wistar ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ per os ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· Π·ΠΎΠ½Π΄ Π²Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ
Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΎΠ·ΡΠΈΠ½ Ρ
Π»ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΄Ρ ΠΊΠ°Π΄ΠΌΡΡ Π² Π΄ΠΎΠ·Ρ - 1,0 ΠΌΠ³/ΠΊΠ³.
ΠΠ±ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ½Π΄Π΅ΠΊΡΡ Π²
Π³ΡΡΠΏΡ Π²ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Ρ Ρ
Π»ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠ°Π΄ΠΌΡΡ Π²ΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΡ Π½Π° Π·Π±ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ
Π²Π°Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π½ΠΈΠΊΡΠ² ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π² Π³ΡΡΠΏΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π·Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈ
ΡΡΠ»Π° Π΅ΠΌΠ±ΡΡΠΎΠ½Π° Π²Π½Π°ΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΊ ΡΠ½ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡ. ΠΡΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ½ΠΎ
Π²ΠΈΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ Ρ 12,3% Π³ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΏΠ»Π°Π·ΡΡ Π΅Π½Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΄Ρ Π²
Π³ΡΡΠΏΡ Π²ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Ρ Ρ
Π»ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠ°Π΄ΠΌΡΡ Π² Π·Π°Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠ·Ρ.
Π₯Π»ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΄ ΠΊΠ°Π΄ΠΌΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΆ Ρ 26-29% ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ² Π΄ΠΎ Π·ΠΌΡΠ½ Π²
ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΊΡΠ² ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π΅ΠΌΠ±ΡΡΠΎΠ½ΡΠ²:
ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΡΠΊ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊ Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π±Π΅ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ² ΠΌΡΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄Ρ ΡΠ° ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ Π°Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π·Π° ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΡ
ΡΡΠ°Π±Π΅ΠΊΡΠ».
Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ: ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΡ
Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΠΉ Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅Π·Π° Ρ
Π»ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΄Π° ΠΊΠ°Π΄ΠΌΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ
Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π²Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄Π°
Π±Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Ρ ΠΊΡΡΡ. ΠΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ Π½Π° ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ
ΠΊΡΡΡ Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΈ Wistar. ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ Ρ
Π»ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠ°Π΄ΠΌΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π±Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠ°ΠΌ
ΠΊΡΡΡ Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΈ Wistar Π΅ΠΆΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π²Π½ΠΎ per os ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· Π·ΠΎΠ½Π΄ Π²Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡ
Ρ
Π»ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΄Π° ΠΊΠ°Π΄ΠΌΠΈΡ (Π² Π΄ΠΎΠ·Π΅ - 1,0 ΠΌΠ³ / ΠΊΠ³). ΠΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ Π½Π°
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΠΉ Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅Π·Π° Ρ
Π»ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΄Π° ΠΊΠ°Π΄ΠΌΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²
ΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΌΠ±ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΄ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎ- ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅.
Π£Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½Π΄Π΅ΠΊΡΠ° Π² Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΠ΅
Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ Ρ
Π»ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠ°Π΄ΠΌΠΈΡ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ Π½Π° ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²Π΅ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΄ΡΠ° Π² Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π»Π° ΡΠΌΠ±ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°
Π²ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΎ Π²
12,3% Π³ΠΈΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΏΠ»Π°Π·ΠΈΡ ΡΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΉ Π² Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΠ΅ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Ρ
Π»ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠ°Π΄ΠΌΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠ·Π΅. Π₯Π»ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΄ ΠΊΠ°Π΄ΠΌΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π² 26-
29% ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ» ΠΊ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ Π² ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ
ΠΆΠ΅Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΄ΡΠ° ΡΠΌΠ±ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²: ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊ
ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π±Π΅ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ΅Π² ΠΌΠΈΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄Π° ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π°Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°Π±Π΅ΠΊΡΠ»
Comparative characteristics of histomorphometric changes in rat testicles after injection of a sclerosant into the cavum vaginale
Background. Hydrocele affects up to 1% of men and is associated with impaired
testicular function and impaired spermatogenesis. Treatment of hydrocele is mainly
operative - hydrocelectomy. Sclerotherapy is gaining more acceptance for the treatment of
hydrocele due to its less invasive nature and faster patient recovery.
Objective. The aim is to determine the changes in the histomorphometric parameters
of the testicles of rats after simulating surgical interventions and sclerotherapy used for
hydrocele.
Methods. The study of histomorphometric changes in testicles of rats after simulation
of surgical treatment of hydrocele and sclerotherapy was carried out on 48 white laboratory
sexually mature male rats with an observation period of 30 days
Effect of metal citrates on indicators of the embryotoxicity of cadmium salts in rats with combined introduction
The aim of the study was to determine the effect of metal citrates (cerium, zinc, iron) when combined with cadmium
salts (chloride/citrate) on the embryotoxicity of cadmium in rats. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of metal citrates
(cerium, zinc, iron) when combined with cadmium salts (chloride/citrate) on the embryotoxicity of cadmium in rats. Embryotoxic
effects of test substances in groups were calculated and compared according to the following indicators: number of embryos, total,
preimplantation, postimplantation embryonic mortality. Comparison of the embryotropic properties of cadmium chloride and
cadmium citrate in the groups of isolated administration revealed a higher level of embryotoxicity of cadmium chloride. In the
groups of combined administration, the greatest reduction in embryotoxicity was determined in the groups of the combination of
cadmium with iron citrate for all studied indicators.
embryogenesis, cadmium, cerium citrate, iron citrate, zinc citrate, embryonic mortality
ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ Π²ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ Π²ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ² ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ² (ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ, ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΊΡ, Π·Π°Π»ΡΠ·Π°) ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ Π²Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½Ρ
Π· ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠ°Π΄ΠΌΡΡ (Ρ
Π»ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΄Ρ/ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΡ) Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π΅ΠΌΠ±ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°Π΄ΠΌΡΡ Ρ ΡΡΡΡΠ². ΠΠΊΡΡΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΈ, Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ 2
Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΈ ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ»ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΊΠ°Π΄ΠΌΡΡ Ρ 6 Π³ΡΡΠΏ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½Ρ ΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΊΠ°Π΄ΠΌΡΡ Π· ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ² (ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΉ, ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΊ,
Π·Π°Π»ΡΠ·ΠΎ). ΠΠΌΠ±ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ½Ρ Π΄ΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½ Π² Π³ΡΡΠΏΠ°Ρ
ΡΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ²Π½ΡΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ Π·Π° Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠΏΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ:
ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ Π΅ΠΌΠ±ΡΡΠΎΠ½ΡΠ², Π·Π°Π³Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π°, Π΄ΠΎΡΠΌΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΉΠ½Π°, ΠΏΡΡΠ»ΡΡΠΌΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΉΠ½Π° Π΅ΠΌΠ±ΡΡΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π° ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΡΡΡ. ΠΠΎΡΡΠ²Π½ΡΠ½Π½Ρ Π΅ΠΌΠ±ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΏΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π²Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Ρ
Π»ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΄Ρ ΠΊΠ°Π΄ΠΌΡΡ ΡΠ° ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΊΠ°Π΄ΠΌΡΡ Π² Π³ΡΡΠΏΠ°Ρ
ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ»ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½Ρ Π²ΠΈΡΠ²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ Π±ΡΠ»ΡΡ Π²ΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Ρ
Π΅ΠΌΠ±ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Ρ
Π»ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΄Ρ ΠΊΠ°Π΄ΠΌΡΡ. Π£ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠ°Ρ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½Ρ Π½Π°ΠΉΠ±ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ Π·Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π½ΠΈΠΊΡΠ² Π΅ΠΌΠ±ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ
Π²ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΡΡ Π² Π³ΡΡΠΏΠ°Ρ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΡΠ½Π°ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°Π΄ΠΌΡΡ Π· ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΌ Π·Π°Π»ΡΠ·Π° ΠΏΠΎ Π²ΡΡΡ
Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ