TOTAL AND HOT-WATER EXTRACTABLE CARBON RELATIONSHIP IN CHERNOZEM SOIL UNDER DIFFERENT CROPPING SYSTEMS AND LAND USE

A study was conducted to determine the hot water extractable organic carbon (HWOC) in 9 arable and 3 non arable soil samples on Haplic Chernozem. The hot water extractable carbon represents assimilative component of the total organic matter (OM) that could contain readily available nutrients for plant growth. The obtained fraction of organic carbon (C) makes up only a small percentage of the soil OM and directly reflects the changes in the rhizosphere. This labile fraction of the organic matter was separated by hot water extraction at 80°C. In our study the HWOC content in different samples ranged from 125 mg g-1 to 226 mg g-1. On the plots that are under native vegetation, higher values were determined (316 mg g-1 to 388 mg g-1). Whereas samples from arable soils were lower in HWOC. It was found that this extraction method can be successfully used to explain the dynamics of the soil OM. Soil samples with lower content of the total OM had lower HWOC content, indicating that the preservation of the OM depends on the renewal of its labile fractions

Characterization of soil for production of cabbage

This paper reviews a part of analyses of soils used for production of cabbage in the production fields around the village of Futog near Novi Sad. The analyzed soils are heterogeneous but invariably of light mechanical composition. The topsoils have unfavorable water/air properties, low total porosity (from 36.82% to 42.70%) and medium water permeability (from 10-3 to 10-5 cm/s). Low humus content (from 1.62% to 2.17%), highly variable phosphorus content (from 6.5 to 107.0 mg 100-1 g of soil) and medium to high potassium content (from 15.5 to 70.0 mg 100-1 g of soil) are common properties of the surface soil layers of all soil profiles studied. Based on the proportion and biodiversity of the studied groups of microorganisms and dehydrogenase activity, it has been concluded that the analyzed soils have a high biological value

Sadržaj različitih oblika gvožđa i aluminijuma u zemljištu tipa solođ

The objective of the study treated in this paper has been to confirm the presence of eluvial-illuvial processes on the basis of the distribution of different forms of iron and aluminum along the soil profiles classified as the solod soil in the soil map of the Vojvodina Province R=1:50 000. A detailed study of the different forms of Fe and Al has clearly differentiated the total contents of Fe and Al in the eluvial and illuvial horizons in all soil profiles (i.e. lower contents of these two elements in the Aoh, Eg and Aoh/Eg horizons compared with the illuvial Btg and Btg, na horizons). The contents of available forms of Fe and Al in surface horizons were high and toxic in all soil profiles studied. Such contents are characteristic for acid and poorly aerated soils which have low values of oxidoreducing potential and they indicate that degradation processes are present in these soils.Cilj istraživanja prikazanih u ovom radu je da se na osnovu distribucije različitih oblika gvožđa i aluminijuma po dubini profila zemljišta, na lokalitetima koja su na pedološkoj karti Vojvodine R= 1:50 000, označena kao solođi, potvrdi pretpostavka o postojanju eluvijalno-iluvijalnih procesa kod ovog tipa zemljišta. Utvrđena je jasna diferencijacija ukupnog sadržaja Fe i Al između eluvijalnih i iluvijalnih horizonata kod svih ispitivanih profila (tj. manji sadržaj ovih elemenata u Aoh, Eg i Aoh/Eg horizontima u odnosu na iluvijalne Btg i Btg, na horizonte), dok je sadržaj pristupačnih oblika Fe i Al u površinskim horizontima visok i toksičan. Ovakav sadržaj ispitivanih elemenata, karakterističan je za kisela i slabo aerisana zemljišta sa niskim vrednostima oksidoredukcionog potencijala i ukazuje na degradacione procese u ispitivanim zemljištima

Dinamika pojave i učestalosti populacija Fusarium vrsta na uskladištenom zrnu kukuruza

Production and providing of high quality maize grain are of primary importance for livestock production since maize is the main component of livestock feed. Contamination with fungi not only diminishes the quality of grain, but some fungi species can produce highly toxic compounds known as mycotoxins. Considering that maize is economically the most important grown plant in Serbia, content and intensity of frequency of these pathogen fungi species are investigated in maize stored in the storage facilities. Based on studies of the fungi incidence in stored maize intended for nutrition of livestock, it was established that during the period from February 2005 to March 2006, some fungi species were present successively (Fusarium spp., Penicillium spp.), other with interruptions of one (Nigrospora spp., Aspergillus spp., Acremonium spp., Alternaria spp), three (Mucor spp., Chaetomium spp., Rhizopus spp.) to four months (Cladosporium spp.), and also sporadically during three (Epicoccum spp., Rhizopus spp., Trichothecium spp.), two (Gliocladium spp.) or one month (Papulaspora spp., Phialophora spp.). Period June-October is the most critical for preservation of the quality of stored maize since the number of fungi species present (8−14 of total of 17 identified fungi genera) and their frequency during this period are the highest, especially of toxigenic species of Fusarium (43.5−62.5%) and Penicillium (10.0−33.5%) genera. Positive correlation (r = 0.5979**) between dynamics of incidence and frequency of isolated fungi species indicates that fungi with higher frequency of incidence remain longer on the grain during storage. F. verticillioides and F. subglutinans, of total of 6 identified Fusarium species were present on the grain during entire year and with the highest frequency (24.7% and 5.9%, respectively). During single year (2005) F. verticillioides was present in the highest percentage from February to October (22.0−39.5%), and F. subglutinans from April to October (8.0−12.5%), whereas the both species were isolated the least during winter period December-January (4.0−8.0% and 0.5−1.0%, respectively). F. graminearaum is the third toxigenic Fusarium species which from the mycotoxicological aspect can be important for period June-September when it is mostly present (5.0−11.0%). Incidence of other Fusarium species is sporadic (1.3% F. proliferatum, 1.0% F. sambucinum and 0.5% F. poae).Proizvodnja i obezbeđivanje visokog kvaliteta zrna kukuruza su od primarnog značaja za stočarsku proizvodnju jer je kukuruz osnovna komponenta stočne hrane. Zaraza gljivama ne samo da smanjuje kvalitet zrna, već neke vrste gljiva mogu produkovati visoko toksična jedinjenja, poznata kao mikotoksini. S obzirom da je kukuruz ekonomski najvažnija gajena biljka u Srbiji, sadržaj i intenzitet učestalosti ovih patogenih vrsta gljiva se ispituje u kukuruzu u skladištu. Na osnovu proučavanja pojave gljiva na uskladištenom kukuruzu, koji je bio namenjen za ishranu životinja, utvrđeno je da su u periodu od februara 2005. do marta 2006. godine neke gljive prisutne sukcesivno (Fusarium spp., Penicillium spp.), druge diskontinuirano sa prekidom od jednog (Nigrospora spp., Aspergillus spp., Acremonium spp., Alternaria spp), tri (Mucor spp., Chaetomium spp., Rhizopus spp.) ili četiri meseca (Cladosporium spp.), a treće sporadično u toku tri (Epicoccum spp., Rhizopus spp., Trichothecium spp.), dva (Gliocladium spp.) ili jednog meseca (Papulaspora spp., Phialophora spp.). Period jun-oktobar je najkritičniji za očuvanje kvaliteta uskladištenog kukuruza jer je brojnost (prisutno 8−14 od ukupno 17 identifikovanih rodova gljiva) i frekvencija gljiva u tom periodu najveća, posebno toksigenih vrsta iz rodova Fusarium (43.5−62.5%) i Penicillium (10.0−33.5%). Pozitivna korelacija (r = 0.5979**) između dinamike pojave i frekvencije izolovanih vrsta gljiva ukazuje da se gljive sa većom frekvencijom pojave duže održavaju na zrnu kukuruza tokom skladištenja. F. verticillioides i F. subglutinans su od ukupno šest identifikovanih vrsta roda Fusarium prisutne na zrnu tokom cele godine i sa najvećom frekvencijom (24.7% i 5.9%). U toku jedne godine (2005) F. verticillioides je u najvećem procentu prisutna od februara do oktobra (22.0−39.5%), a F. subglutinans od aprila do oktobra (8.0−12.5%), dok su obe vrste najmanje izolovane u zimskom periodu decembar-januar (4.0−8.0% i 0.5−1.0%). F. graminearum je treća toksigena vrsta roda Fusarium koja sa mikotoksikološkog aspekta može biti značajna za period jun-septembar kada se javlja u najvećem procentu (5.0−11.0%). Pojava ostalih vrsta roda Fusarium je sporadična (1.3% F. proliferatum, 1.0% F. sambucinum and 0.5% F. poae)

Karakteristike i klasifikacija glejnih zemljišta Banat

In this paper we investigated basic characteristics of gleyic soils of Banat and presented different interpretations and classification of these soils. Twelve profiles were analyzed to access their physical and chemical properties. Investigated humogley profiles were predominantly clayic with vertic properties and under different influence of groundwater. Most of these soils we classified in Vertisols, but some of them we considered as Gleysols or Chernozems RSG (reference soil group). Eugley was under stronger influence by groundwater than humogley and showed textural uniformity, less clay content and notably higher average content of CaCO3. Eugley profiles we classified in Gleysols RSG. Every new analyzed soil profile has to be considered in particular regarding its diagnostic horizons, properties and materials and cannot be transferred from actual national classification to RSG by default.U ovom radu su ispitivane osnovne karakteristike glejnih zemljišta Banata i predstavljena različita tumačenja i klasifikacije ovih zemljišta. Analizirana su fizička i hemijska svojstva dvanaest profila zemljišta. Ispitivani humogleji su uglavnom bili glinoviti i ispoljavali vertičnost, dok je uticaj podzemnih voda na svaki profil bio različit. Većinu ovih zemljišta smo svrstali u vertisole, ali neke od njih možemo klasifikovati u referentne grupe zemljišta (RSG) glejsoli ili černozemi. Euglej je bio pod jačim uticajem podzemnih voda od humogleja i pokazivao je veću teksturnu uniformnost, manji sadržaj gline i veći prosečan sadržaj CaCO3. Ispitivani euglej smo svrstali ureferentnu grupu zemljišta glejsoli. Svaki novi profil zemljišta koji se bude analizirao trebalo bi da se posmatra posebno u pogledu njegovih dijagnostičkih horizonata, svojstva i materijala. Nijedan tip zemljišta ne sme biti prebačen u referentnu grupu po podrazumevanom nazivu

Silicon Alleviates Iron Deficiency in Barley by Enhancing Expression of Strategy II Genes and Metal Redistribution

The beneficial effects of silicon (Si) have been shown on plants using reduction-based strategy for iron (Fe) acquisition. Here we investigated the influence of Si on Fe deficiency stress alleviation in barley (Hordeum vulgare), a crop plant which uses the chelation-based strategy for Fe acquisition. Analyses of chlorophyll content, ROS accumulation, antioxidative status, concentrations of Fe and other micronutrients, along with the expression of Strategy II genes were studied in response to Si supply. Si successfully ameliorated Fe deficiency in barley, diminishing chlorophyll and biomass loss, and improving the activity of antioxidative enzymes, resulting in lowered reactive oxidative species accumulation in the youngest leaves. Alleviation of Fe deficiency stress correlated well with the Si-induced increase of Fe content in the youngest leaves, while it was decreased in root. Moreover, Si nutrition lowered accumulation of other micronutrients in the youngest leaves of Fe deprived plants, by retaining them in the root. On the transcriptional level, Si led to an expedient increase in the expression of genes involved in Strategy II Fe acquisition in roots at the early stage of Fe deficiency stress, while decreasing their expression in a prolonged stress response. Expression of Strategy II genes was remarkably upregulated in the leaves of Si supplied plants. This study broadens the perspective of mechanisms of Si action, providing evidence for ameliorative effects of Si on Strategy II plants, including its influence on accumulation and distribution of microelements, as well as on the expression of the Strategy II genes

Mikrobiološka svojstva černozema na lokalitetu Futog

Microorganisms take part in soil formation and maintain soil fertility. The abundance of certain microbial groups and their enzymatic activity are used as an indicator of soil quality/fertility. Each type of soil has its own characteristic microflora, which is influenced by environmental conditions, cultural practices, crop species grown and the presence of heavy metals. Our study dealt with the basic chemical and microbiological properties of the soil at the Futog location. The soil type at the location is chernozem. Soil microbial properties were monitored based on total microbial abundance, the number of diazotrophs, ammonifiers, actinomycetes and fungi, and the activity of the oxidation-reduction enzyme dehydrogenase. The standard dilution methods and media were used. The incubation time and temperature depended on the microbial group. The dehydrogenase activity was determined spectrophotometrically based on triphenyl formazan extinction. The results show that microbial activity at the site is the most intensive in the soil surface layer and that it decreases with the depth. The presence of ammonifiers and oligonitrophilic microbes and the total microbial abundance were determined in the CG horizon as well. Azotobacters, which are important indicators of the nitrogen fixation balance, were found in all sites in the Amo and AC horizons, but were not present in deeper layers. Actinomycetes and fungi were absent from the C horizon downward. As an indicator of oxidation-reduction processes in the soil, dehydrogenase was extremely high in the horizon down to 25 cm depth, but decreased with the increasing depth.Mikroorganizmi učestvuju u formiranju zemljišta i održavaju njegovu plodnost. Brojnost pojedinih grupa mikroorganizama i aktivnost enzima se koriste kao pokazatelji kvaliteta/plodnosti zemljišta. Svaki tip zemljišta ima svoju karakterističnu mikrofloru na koju utiču ekološki uslovi, agrotehničke mere, biljna vrsta i prisustvo teških metala. Istraživanja su obuhvatila osnovna hemijska i mikrobiološka svojstva tri profila zemljišta sa lokaliteta Futog. Tip zemljišta je černozem. Mikrobiološka svojstva su praćena na osnovu ukupnog broja mikroorganizama, brojnosti diazotrofa, amonifikatora, aktinomiceta i gljiva, kao i aktivnosti oksidoredukcionog enzima dehidrogenaze. Korišćene su standardne metode razređenja na odgovarajućim hranljivim podlogama. Vreme i temperatura inkubacije zavisila je od grupe mikroorganizama. Dehidrogenazna aktivnost je određena spektro-fotometrijskom metodom, na osnovu ekstinkcije trifenilformazana. Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata može se zaključiti da je mikrobiološka aktivnost najintenzivnija u površinskom sloju zemljišta, a sa dubinom opada. Prisustvo amonifikatora, oligonitrofila i ukupnog broja mikroorganizama je utvrđeno i u horizontu CG. Azotobacter, kao značajan pokazatelj azotofiksacionog bilansa, je utvrđen u sva tri profila, u horizontima Amo i AC, dok u dubljim slojevima nije prisutan. Aktinomicete i gljive nisu prisutne već od horizonta C. Dehidrogenaza, kao pokazatelj oksidoredukcionih procesa u zemljištu, izuzetno je visoka u horizontu do 25 cm dubine, a sa dubinom opada

Koloidna frakcija i kapacitet adsorpcije katjona u nekim zemljištima Vojvodine

The colloidal complex of soil consists of humus and clay, the most important acidoids which are able to create the bonds between oppositely charged ions (cations) through the forces strong enough to provide protection from leaching, and also weak enough to enable absorption through the plant root. This ability becomes more pronounced if the degree of dispersity is higher, i.e. if particles have smaller diameters. Total of 435 soil samples were collected from the surface horizon in 2011, for the purpose of soil fertility control in Vojvodina and prevention of its possible degradation in broader terms. This paper presents a part of study through selected representative soil samples, related to the research results of mechanical composition, basic chemical properties, and cation-exchange capacity in the most frequent types of soils in North Bačka and Banat (chernozem, fluvisol, semiglay, humoglay, solonchak, solonetz), due to the fact that soil fertility and its ecological function in environment protection largely depend on the studied properties. The average content of clay was 25.26%, ranging from 5.76 to 49.44%, the average content of humus was 3.10%, ranging between 1.02 and 4.30%, while the average value of CEC was 27.30 cmol/kg, ranging between 12.03 and 46.06 cmol/kg. Soils with higher content of clay and humus have greater cation-exchange capacity. According to the established average values of CEC in cmol/kg, the order of soil types is as follows: solonetz (40.06), semiglay (31.98), humoglay (30.98), solonchak (26.62), chernozem (22.72), and fluvisol (22.40). Research results have shown that cation-exchange capacity depends on clay fraction and humus content. Higher correlation coefficient between CEC and clay, compared to CEC and humus, indicates that clay content compared to humus content has greater effect on cation-exchange capacity.Koloidni kompleks zemljišta sadrži humus i glinu kao najvažnije acidoide putem kojih ima sposobnost vezivanja jona suprotnog naelektrisanja (katjoni) silama dovoljno snažnim za zaštitu od ispiranja, a istovremeno dovoljno slabim za prijem putem korena biljke. Ova sposobnost je utoliko jače izražena ukoliko je stepen disperznosti veći, tj. ukoliko je prečnik čestica manji. U cilju kontrole plodnosti zemljišta Vojvodine i sprečavanja njihove eventualne degradacije u širem smislu, u toku 2011. prikupljeno je 435 uzoraka zemljišta iz površinskog horizonta. U ovom radu je prikazan deo istraživanja u izabranim reprezentativnim uzorcima, koja se odnose na rezultate istraživanja mehaničkog sastava, osnovnih hemijskih svojstava kao i kapaciteta adsorpcije katjona u najzastupljenijim tipovima zemljišta sa područja severne Bačke i Banata (černozem, fluvisol, semiglej, humoglej, solončak, solonjec), s obzirom da plodnost zemljišta kao i njegova ekološka funkcija u zaštiti životne sredine u velikoj meri zavise od ispitivanih osobina. Srednji sadržaj gline iznosio je 25,26% i kretao se u granicama od 5,76 do 49,44%, srednji sadržaj humusa 3,10% i kretao se u granicama od 1,02 do 4,30%, dok je srednja vrednost CEC -a iznosila 27,30 cmol/kg i kretala se u granicama od 12,03 do 46,06 cmol/kg. Većim kapacitetom adsorpcije katjona odlikuju se zemljišta koja sadrže više gline i humusa. Prema utvrđenim srednjim vrednostima CEC-a u cmol/kg, redosled ispitivanih tipova zemljišta je sledeći: solonjec (40,06), semiglej (31,98), humoglej (30,98), solončak (26,62), černozem (22,72) i fluvisol (22,40). Rezultati istraživanja u celini su pokazali da kapacitet adsorpcije katjona zavisi od sadržaja frakcije gline i sadržaja humusa. Veći koeficijent korelacije između CEC-a i gline nego između CEC-a i humusa ukazuje da sadržaj gline ima veći uticaj na kapacitet adsorpcije katjona od sadržaja humusa

Uticaj načina korišćenja na vodopropustljivost zemljišta Vojvodine

In order to get a comprehensive overview of the effect of land use on soil physical properties, this study was conducted on the selected representative soil samples collected at the territory of Autonomous Province of Vojvodina and included 6 types of soil present in this area. Undisturbed soil samples were taken from 61 localities, from the surface horizon (0 -30 cm) using the Kopetzky cylinders in three replications. The rate of water flow through soil was determined by the constant flow rate method. The velocities of water flow and filtration coefficients were calculated (K-Darcy), while statistical analysis confirmed a positive correlation between soil use and soil permeability. The results showed that soils used for agricultural production have lower permeability compared to soils in forests, meadows, and pastures.U cilju sagledavanja uticaja načina korišćenja zemljišta na vodno-fizička svojstva, izvršeno je istraživanje u odabranim reprezentativnim uzorcima zemljišta koji su uzeti na teritoriji Autonomne Pokrajine Vojvodine i koji obuhvataju 6 tipova zemljišta na ovom području. Za potrebe istraživanja uzorci su uzeti sa različitih lokaliteta (61 lokalitet) iz površinskog horizonta (0-30 cm) u nenarušenom stanju cilindrima po Kopeckom u 3 ponavljanja. Brzina proceđivanja vode kroz uzorak zemljišta određena je metodom stalnog pritiska vodenog stuba. Matematičkim putem dobijeni su podaci o brzini vodopropustljivosti ili koeficijentu filtracije (K-Darcy). Statističkom analizom ovih podataka utvrđena je pozitivna korelacija između načina korišćenja zemljišta i brzine vodopropustljivosti. Rezultati su pokazali da zemljišta koja se koriste za poljoprivrednu proizvodnju imaju manju vodopropustljivost u odnosu na zemljišta pod šumama, livadama i pašnjacima