Hambatan Ekspor Crude Palm Oil (CPO) Indonesia ke Uni Eropa pasca Kebijakan Renewable Energy Directive (RED)

Beside Malaysia, Indonesia is also one of the largest Crude Palm Oil (CPO) producer and exporter in the world. European Union is one of Indonesia’s trading partner and the biggest importer of CPO that used for the biofuel production, especially the biodiesel for transportation sector. But, in 2009, European Union released the Renewable Energy Directive (RED) that required all members to used renewable energy for every sector with the minimum requirement 20% for general sectors and 10% for transportation sectors. While this policy will make the European Union countries used the clean energy, RED became a new kind of NonTariff barriers for Indonesia’s CPO that become an important commodity from Indonesia. This paper will explain by the theory of International Political Economy (IPE) by focused into the Neo-Mercantilism to the analysis of Non-Tariff barriers that used by European Union for the CPO import into Indonesia. Besides that, the writer also used a National Interest concept to explain the importance of CPO for Indonesia and European Union Countries that agreed with the RED

Dampak Globalisasi dan Lahirnya MNCs terhadap Munculnya North-South Development Gap

Since the 1980s, the world has changed because of the globalization in every aspect of life. Globalization has some impacts, both in positive and negative. Globalization makes it easier to trade between countries, investment, the expansion of MNCs, low-cost travelling, communications, information access, and other things. Globalization also makes easier for the MNCs to build up their factories and sell their products across the world. But, on the other side, globalization resulted in the development gap between Northern countries (US, UK, Japan, and Australia) and the Southern countries (Latin America, Africa, South Asia, and the others). The impacts mentioned earlier happened because of globalization, which is conducted mostly by the Northern countries that built factories in the Southern countries to push the production cost, get a lot of resources, and cheap labour wages. By the impacts of globalization and the formation of MNCs that led into the North-South development gap, the writer aims to analyze by using the dependency theory on explain about the case as a general