Body weight, motor and sensory functions.

<p>A) Gain of body weight: single-housed mice had increased body weight irrespective to enrichment. B) Motor learning and coordination: latency to fall from the accelerating rota-rod was not affected by different housing conditions. C) Pre-pulse inhibition: percentage of PPI at different prepulse intensities was not affected by different housing conditions.</p

Learning and memory assessed by fear conditioning and water maze tests.

<p>A) Fear conditioning: percentage of freezing in the context and cue tests of memory 24 hours after conditioning. Single-housed mice displayed reduced freezing in both tests, animals from cages enriched with nest material showed reduced contextual freezing. B) Escape latency during learning of initial, reversed and visible platform positions. C) Percentage of time spent in the target zone and in respective zones of remaining quadrants during transfer tests. Transfer test 1: enrichment with nest increased the time spent searching at the trained zone. Transfer test 2: single-housed mice without nesting material showed no preference to any zone. D) Percentage of time in thigmotaxis during transfer tests: nesting material reduced thigmotaxis.</p

CD73 controls circadian changes in locomotor activity in isolated mice.

<p>(A) Locomotor activity presented as activity counts during 72 hr observation period, when the mice were separated in individual cages. These data are presented for both sexes together, because there was no <i>sex</i> effect or <i>sex</i> X <i>genotype</i> interaction (CD73 deficient mice, n = 25; wt mice, n = 30). (B) Locomotor activity measured as corner visits in IntelliCage. In IntelliCage analyses only females were used (CD73 deficient, n = 9; wt, n = 8). Mean values are plotted with SEM, # p<0.05 and ## p<0.01, repeated ANOVA.</p

Mouse with hair loss (barbering).

<p>An example of a mouse with bald patches due to barbering.</p

CD73 deficient and wt mice display similar pre-pulse inhibition but startle response is enhanced in CD73 deficient mice compared to wt mice.

<p>Percentage of pre-pulse inhibition averaged across all pre-pulse intensities. Insert bar graphs represent percentage of alteration of startle response without pre-pulse stimulus from the wild type animals’ startle response level (wt mice, n = 38; CD73 deficient mice, n = 29). The results from both sexes are combined, because there was no <i>sex</i> effect or <i>sex</i> X <i>genotype</i> interaction. Mean values are plotted with SEM, **p<0.01 t-test.</p

Immunohistochemical localization of CD73 in mouse brain.

<p>Coronal sections of WT (panels A, C and E) and CD73 deficient (panels B, D and F) mouse cerebrums stained with CD73 antibody. The specific CD73 staining is detected in caudoputamen (CP), olfactory tubercle (OT), globus pallidus (GP) and meninx (arrow). Scale bar 500 μm.</p

CD73 is the dominant 5’nucleotidase in the brain.

<p>(A) A scheme of the major extracellular nucleotide-converting pathways. The inactivating cascade is composed of NTPDase (1,2), and CD73/ecto-5’-nucleotidase (3), whereas the backward ATP-generating pathway is regulated by adenylate kinase (4) and NDP kinase (5). Brain lysates were isolated from forebrain, middle brain and cerebellum of wt and CD73 deficient mice and assayed for 5’-nucleotidase (B) ATPase (C), ADPase (D) and adenylate kinase (E) activities, as specified in Materials and Methods (mean±SEM; n = 4–5). *P<0.05 as compared with corresponding wt controls.</p

Learning in water maze and in IntelliCage is comparable in wt and CD73 deficient mice.

<p>(A) Escape latency to hidden platform during training and reversed training with moved platform in Morris water maze (wt mice, n = 38; CD73 deficient mice, n = 29). The results from both sexes are combined, because there was no <i>sex</i> effect or <i>sex</i> X <i>genotype</i> interaction. (B) Percentage of visits to the “correct” corner during corner preference learning and reversal learning in IntelliCage (CD73 deficient female mice, n = 9; wt female mice, n = 8).</p

CD73 deficient mice display altered social behaviour.

<p>(A) Percentages of the times pushed out in the tube test (32 mice/group in both genotypes). (B) Percentage of the time spent in social activity towards the intruder in the resident-intruder test (wt mice, n = 15; CD73 deficient mice, n = 13). (C) Time spent in sniffing the stranger in the social novelty preference test, and (D) time spent in sniffing a new and an old stranger in the sociability test (wt, n = 16; CD73 deficient, n = 16). Mean values are plotted with SEM, *p<0.05 t-test, **p<0.01 t-test.</p

CD73 deficient mice do not differ from wt mice in olfactory discrimination test.

<p>(A) Latency to sniffing and (B) time spent in olfactory investigation of capsules with odors during four repeated trials (with cinnamon) and one trial of dishabituation (cocoa) (wt female mice, n = 6; CD73 deficient female mice, n = 7).</p