One of the subjects partially instrumented to illustrate the electrode positioning (for details on the skeletal landmarks, see Material & Methods).

<p>One of the subjects partially instrumented to illustrate the electrode positioning (for details on the skeletal landmarks, see Material & Methods).</p

Mean (M) and peak (P) as well as the sum (S) of the braking (Fy−) and propulsive (Fy+) forces in %BW for the sound condition and when lameness was induced in the right forelimb (Fi) in the trotting Beagles.

<p>Time to peak force (TPF) and the duration of the braking force (TFy−) are given in percent of stance duration. Significant differences between sound and lame conditions at * p<0.05; n.s. = not significant. Fi = ipsilateral forelimb, Fc = contralateral forelimb, Hi = ipsilateral hindlimb, Hc = contralateral hindlimb.</p

Additional file 2: of Kinematic adaptions to induced short-term pelvic limb lameness in trotting dogs

Kinematic results for the pelvic limbs. For further explanation, see Additional file 1. (DOC 332 kb

Symmetry indices for mean (M) and peak (P) as well as the sum (S) of the braking (Fy-) and propulsive (Fy+) forces for the sound condition and when lameness was induced.

<p>Prefect symmetry is represented by SI = 0. Negative values indicate the respective parameter was greater for the contra- than the ipsilateral limb; positive values indicate a greater value for the ipsi- than the contralateral side. Significant differences between sound and lame conditions at * p<0.05; n.s. = not significant.</p

Additional file 1: of Kinematic adaptions to induced short-term pelvic limb lameness in trotting dogs

Kinematic results for the thoracic limbs. Mean ± standard deviation (Mean ± SD in °) of the limb, segment and joint angles for all dogs. Kinematic values for the limbs are: angle at touch-down (TD), lift-off (LO) and mid-stance (mid-stance). Kinematic values for the segments and joints are: angle at touch-down (TD) and lift-off (LO) as well as minimum (min), maximum (max) and amplitude (i.e. range of motion, ROM) during stance (ST) and swing (SW) phases. Mean SDs (mSD in °; i.e. SDs from the 10 strides per dog averaged for all dogs) illustrate the relatively low intraindividual variation compared with the interindividual variation (SD of Mean ± SD) and particularly compared with the angular difference between sound and lame trotting (Diff Mean ± SD in °). Note that this mean Diff was calculated by, first, subtracting the lame from the sound values per dog and, second, averaging these angular differences for all dogs (i.e. mean Diff represents the angular changes associated with lame locomotion). Positive Diff values indicate that the angle was greater during sound than lame trotting; negative values indicate the reverse. Significant differences between sound and lame trotting for each limb (I) as well as significant differences between the angular differences of the two limbs (II) at: * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001. For definition of angles, see Fig. 1 in [16]. (DOC 349 kb

Experimental set-up used in the current study.

<p>The dogs walked and trotted at their preferred speed on the instrumented four-belt treadmill, which allowed for the synchronous collection of single limb forces before and after a distal load-bearing lameness was induced in the right forelimb (see inset).</p

finallocomotiondata

finallocomotiondat