Randomised trials relevant to mental health conducted in low and middle-income countries: a survey

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>A substantial proportion of the psychiatric burden of disease falls on the world's poorest nations, yet relatively little is known about randomised trials conducted in these countries. Our aim was to identify and describe a representative sample of mental health trials from low and middle-income countries.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>6107 electronic records, most with full text copies, were available following extensive searches for randomised or potentially randomised trials from low and middle-income countries published in 1991, 1995 and 2000. These records were searched to identify studies relevant to mental health. Data on study characteristics were extracted from the full text copies.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Trials relevant to mental health were reported in only 3% of the records. 176 records reporting 177 trials were identified: 25 were published in 1991, 45 in 1995, and 106 in 2000. Participants from China were represented in 46% of trials described. 68% of trials had <100 participants. The method of sequence generation was described in less than 20% of reports and adequate concealment of allocation was described in only 12% of reports. Participants were most frequently adults with unipolar depression (36/177) or schizophrenia (36/177). 80% of studies evaluated pharmacological interventions, a third of which were not listed by WHO as essential drugs. 41% of reports were indexed on PubMed; this proportion decreased from 68% in 1991 to 32% in 2000.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>In terms of overall health burden, trial research activity from low and middle-income countries in mental health appears to be low, and in no area adequately reflects need.</p

Global, regional, and national incidence of six major immune-mediated inflammatory diseases: findings from the global burden of disease study 2019

Background The causes for immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) are diverse and the incidence trends of IMIDs from specific causes are rarely studied. The study aims to investigate the pattern and trend of IMIDs from 1990 to 2019. Methods We collected detailed information on six major causes of IMIDs, including asthma, inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and atopic dermatitis, between 1990 and 2019, derived from the Global Burden of Disease study in 2019. The average annual percent change (AAPC) in number of incidents and age standardized incidence rate (ASR) on IMIDs, by sex, age, region, and causes, were calculated to quantify the temporal trends. Findings In 2019, rheumatoid arthritis, atopic dermatitis, asthma, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease accounted 1.59%, 36.17%, 54.71%, 0.09%, 6.84%, 0.60% of overall new IMIDs cases, respectively. The ASR of IMIDs showed substantial regional and global variation with the highest in High SDI region, High-income North America, and United States of America. Throughout human lifespan, the age distribution of incident cases from six IMIDs was quite different. Globally, incident cases of IMIDs increased with an AAPC of 0.68 and the ASR decreased with an AAPC of −0.34 from 1990 to 2019. The incident cases increased across six IMIDs, the ASR of rheumatoid arthritis increased (0.21, 95% CI 0.18, 0.25), while the ASR of asthma (AAPC = −0.41), inflammatory bowel disease (AAPC = −0.72), multiple sclerosis (AAPC = −0.26), psoriasis (AAPC = −0.77), and atopic dermatitis (AAPC = −0.15) decreased. The ASR of overall and six individual IMID increased with SDI at regional and global level. Countries with higher ASR in 1990 experienced a more rapid decrease in ASR. Interpretation The incidence patterns of IMIDs varied considerably across the world. Innovative prevention and integrative management strategy are urgently needed to mitigate the increasing ASR of rheumatoid arthritis and upsurging new cases of other five IMIDs, respectively. Funding The Global Burden of Disease Study is funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. The project funded by Scientific Research Fund of Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital (2022QN38)

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Not AvailableA STUDY OF SORGHUM (SPV-86) WAS CONDUCTED ON A CALCAREOUS VERTIC CLAY SOIL OF NORTHERN KARNATAKA TO DETERMINE THE RESPONSE OF SORGHUM TO NITROGEN APPLICATION UNDER RAINFED AND RUNOFF FARMING, IN TERMS OF GRAIN YIELD , RUNOFF WATER USE EFFICIENCY AND RECOVERY OF FERTILIZER NITROGEN. OVER THE 3 YEARS PERIOD OF THE EXPERIMENT , AVERAGE ANNUAL YIELD INCREASES WERE 524 kg/ha FOR RUNOFF RECYCLING AND UPTO 1173 kg/ha FOR THE NITROGEN LEVELS. SYNERGISTIC YIELD INCREASES UPTO 1775 kg/ha WAS WITNESSED. THE RUNOFF UTILISATION EFFICIENCY EXPRESSED IN TERMS OF YIELD INCREASES /HA CM OF WATER INCREASED AS THE RATE OF FERTILIZER N INCREASED.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableBLACK SOILS OR VERTISOLS ARE HIGHLY ERODIBLE WHEN WET. OFTEN LAND USE IN SUCH SOILS IS INFLUENCED BY SOCIAL PRESSURES AND BEARS LITTLE OR NO RELATION TO THE LANDS INHERENT CAPACITY. THEIR REMEDIATION CAN BE ACHIEVED WHEN ACTIVE BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS ARE ESTABLISHED IN THE FORM OF VEGETATION COVER AND ASSOCIATED SOIL MICRO AND MACRO FAUNA, THAT WILL RESULT IN IMPROVED SOIL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. FURTHER, THE STABILITY OF EARTHERN STRUCTURES TO WITH STAND THE ONSLAUGHT OF RAINS IN THE VERTISOLS OF THE ARID AND SEMI-ARID REGION IS DOUBTFUL , WHERE THE INTENSITY OF RAINFALL SOMETIMES EXCEEDS 100 mm PER HOUR, AS AGAINST THE INTAKE RATE OF 1020mm PER HOUR. FARMERS WILL BE MORE INCLINED TO HAVE PREFERENCE FOR VEGETATIVE BARRIERS THAN FOR EARTHERN STRUCTURES. IF THEY ARE PROPERLY MOTIVATED. THIS PAPER BRINGS TOGETHER AN ARRAY OF RESEARCH BASED INFORMATION PROJECTING THE EARLY PRACTICES , RECENT DEVELOPMENTS AND PROMISING VISTAS OF THE VEGETATIVE MEASURES FOR EROSION CONTROL IN THESE SOILS.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableTHE STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF EUCALYPTUS HYBRID PLANTATIONS OF DIFFERENT AGES, ON THE PROPERTIES OF SEMI- ARID RED SOILS REVEALED SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES IN pH AND ORGANIC CARBON VALUES AND IN THE AVAILABLE ( KG/HA) N,P, K QUANTITIES , WHICH WERE MORE VISIBLE IN THE 10 YEAR OLD PLANTATION. THESE VARIATIONS APPEARED TO HAVE BEEN CAUSED BY ROOT EXUDATES AND TREE LEAF LITTER WHICH ARE ACCUMULATED AND DECOMPOSED MORE EFFICIENTLY IN THE PROTECTED SITE HAVING 10- YEAR PLANTATION.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableEROSION INDICES SUCH AS DISPERSION RATIO, CLAY MOISTURE, EQUIVALENT RATIO AND PEROCOLATION RATIO etc FOR FOUR SOIL SERIES OF THE BLACK COTTON SOILS OF BELLARY ( KARNATAKA WERE WORKED OUT TO ASSESS THE ERODIBILITY HAZARDS) . IT WAS FOUND THAT SOILS ARE ERODIBLE AND THAT THE LOWER DEPTHS APPEARED TO BE MORE ERODIBLE AS COMPARED TO SURFACE LAYERS THEREBY INDICATING THE POSSIBILITY OF GULLY EROSION, IF LEFT UNCONTROLLED.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableSTUDIES UNDER LABORATORY CONDITIONS WERE CONDUCTED TO DETERMINE THE PERIODIC RELEASE OF IRON AND MANGANESE UNDER ANAEROBIC INCUBATION OF LOCAL RED AND BLACK SOILS WITH AND WITHOUT ADDITION OF ORGANIC MATTER . IN BOTH THE SOILS, THE RELEASE OF IRON AND MANGANESE WAS INCREASED BY THE ADDITION OF ORGANIC MATTER. IN ABOUT 30 DAYS THE CONCENTRATION OF IRON EXCEEDED THAN THAT OF MANGANESE IN THE TREATED SAMPLES OF BOTH THE SOILS. THE RAPID RELEASE OF IRON ON ADDITION OF ORGANIC PROBABLY EXHIBITED A POSSIBLE SOLUTION TO COUNTERACT THE HARMFUL EFFECTS OF SUSPECTED SULPHIDE INJURY AND MANGANESE TOXICITY IN THE NEWLY DEVELOPED SOILS UNDER THE TUNGABHADRA PROJECT .Not Availabl

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Not AvailableIN THIS ARTICLE , THE AUTHORS REVIEW THE RESEARCH FINDINGS OBTAINED AT CSWCRTI RESEARCH CENTRE , BELLARY , G.R HALLI , JOLADARASI, CHINNATEKUR REGIONS IN THE STATES OF KARNATAKA AND ANDHRA PRADESH WITH REGARD TO ALTERNATE LAND USE SYSTEMS HAVING TREE CROP , SILVI- PASTORAL AND AGRI- HORTICULTURAL COMBINATIONS. UNDER MOST CONDITIONS, TREE GROWING IS COMPATIBLE WITH CROPS ON SUSTAINABLE BASIS AND ALSO OPENS UP OPPORTUNITIES FOR RAISING THE INCOME LEVELS OF SMALL FARMERS . FAST GROWING MPTY SPECIES SUCH AS ACACIA , ZADIRACHTA , GLYRICIDIA , LEUCAENA , PROSPIS HAVE GREAT POTENTIAL FOR USE IN TREE BASED FARMING SYSTEMS. ADDED TO THIS, FRUIT LIKE ZIZYPHUS , POMOGRANATE , GUAVA, FIGS HOLD PROMISE IN CHANGING THE THINKING OF THE FARMERS , TOWARDS ACHIEVING REMUNERATIVE ECONOMIC RETURNS IN THIS REGION.Not Availabl