Characterization of G -Semigroup by Intuitionistic N-Fuzzy Set (INFS) and its level set

Some characterizations of G -Semigroup by intuitionistic N-fuzzy sets have been given here. The concept of intuitionistic N-fuzzy set (INFS) and its level set has been applied to G -semigroup. The notions of intuitionistic N-fuzzy G -subsemigroup and intuitionistic N-fuzzy G - ideals (left, right, lateral, quasi, and bi) have been introduced and characterized by intuitionistic N-fuzzy sets

Health Care Services and Government Spending in Pakistan

The study has been carried out to measure the incidence of government spending on health in Pakistan at provincial, both rural and urban level; using the primary data of the Pakistan Social Standard Living Measures Survey (PSLM), 2004-05, and by employing the three-step Benefit Incidence Approach (BIA) methodology. The paper reviews the national policies emphasising health services as well as the trend in access to and public sector spending on health care facilities in Pakistan. The study explores the inequalities in resource distribution and service provision against the government health expenditures. The rural areas of Pakistan are the more disadvantaged in the provision of the health care facilities. The expenditures in health sectors are overall regressive in rural Pakistan as well as at provincial and regional levels. Mother and Child subhead is regressive in Punjab and General Hospitals and Clinics are regressive in all provinces. Only the Preventive Measures and health facilities sub-sector is progressive in Pakistan. Public health expenditures are pro-rich in Pakistan.health, Expenditure, Public Policy, Gini, Concentration Coefficient, Mother and Child, Preventive Measures, Hospital and Clinics

Some Nonlinear Exponential Smoothing Models are Unstable

This paper discusses the instability of eleven nonlinear state space models that underly exponential smoothing. Hyndman et al. (2002) proposed a framework of 24 state space models for exponential smoothing, including the well-known simple exponential smoothing, Holt's linear and Holt-Winters' additive and multiplicative methods. This was extended to 30 models with Taylor's (2003) damped multiplicative methods. We show that eleven of these 30 models are unstable, having infinite forecast variances. The eleven models are those with additive errors and either multiplicative trend or multiplicative seasonality, as well as the models with multiplicative errors, multiplicative trend and additive seasonality. The multiplicative Holt-Winters' model with additive errors is among the eleven unstable models. We conclude that: (1) a model with a multiplicative trend or a multiplicative seasonal component should also have a multiplicative error; and (2) a multiplicative trend should not be mixed with additive seasonality.Exponential smoothing, forecast variance, nonlinear models, prediction intervals, stability, state space models.

Optical fuel spray characterization of hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) and ethanol

The global concern about climate change has remarkably increased because of its tangible environmental effects. Transportation being one of the major contributors to greenhouse gas emissions is taking a substantial part in global warming and climate change. Fortunately, the shift of emerging transportation technology towards electric power sources has proven to be a favorable solution towards sustainable and cleaner transportation addressing global climate change. However, some constraints related to battery technologies and charging infrastructure created a necessity of research towards alternative cleaner fuels for internal combustion engines. Ethanol is one of the alternative fuel that has caught much attention because of its remarkably low emissions. The experimental study in this thesis investigated the comparison of HVO and ethanol with EN590 diesel fuel sprays in terms of overall spray geometry and droplet size measurements by analyzing the monochrome spray images. The fuel sprays were injected using two different fuel injectors with different nozzle orifice diameters into a constant volume chamber at varying conditions of injection pressure and gas density. In terms of overall spray geometry and droplet size measurements, HVO and EN590 diesel sprays showed quite similar trends, however, significant differences could be observed for ethanol sprays. Ethanol sprays were characterized with lower penetration, larger opening angles and smaller droplet sizes than HVO and EN590 sprays. A Significant decrease in mean diameters and droplet size distributions could be identified by increasing the injection pressures. Furthermore, the results for the injector with increased nozzle orifice diameter compared with the reference nozzle suggested decrement in spray penetration and increased opening angles for EN590 fuel sprays