The Relationship Between Students' Self Efficacy And Their English Language Achievement

Abstract: Many studies have been carried out on this concept of self efficacy in the academic settings. For example, Schunk (1995) stated that students when engaged in activities are affected by personal (e.g., goal setting, information processing) and situational influences (rewards, feedbacks). These provide students an idea on how well they learn. Self efficacy was enhanced when students perceived they performed well. On the other hand, Bandura, Barbaranelli, Caprara and Pastorelli (1996), reported that parents ' academic aspirations for their children, influence the children's academic achievement directly or indirectly by influencing their self efficacy. Based on the theoretical explanation on self efficacy and findings of past studies, it is therefore the aim of this study to find out the relationship between students ' self efficacy and their English language achievement. In Malaysia, English is a second language but since 2003, English is the medium of instruction for mathematics and science subjects for year one, form one and form six students. Based on this scenario, it is therefore pertinent to find out whether performance in the English language is largely determined by their perceived English language efficacy. A descriptive-correlational study was conducted on 1,146 student

Moulting performances evaluation of female orange mud crab, scylla olivacea (Herbst, 1796) in-captivity: Effects of water salinity and limb autotomy

Female Scylla olivacea has become more popular in Malaysia as emerging species mainly for soft-shell crabs and crab fattening (to increase weight, size and ovary maturation so that they can be sold at a higher price). To harvest crabs in soft-shell conditions and fattening, both conditions depend mostly on moulting events. To accelerate the moulting process, the manipulation of water parameter (salinity) and autotomy of the limb is commonly used. In this study, the evaluation of the moulting performances of full limb autotomy (the removal of all the appendages except for the swimming legs) and non-ablated (control) using immature S. olivacea cultured in three different salinity treatments (10 ppt, 20 ppt and 30 ppt) were performed. Results indicate there were significant differences between mud crab’s culture duration, BW increments, growth performances and feeding efficiency with salinity. However, CW increments and survival indicate no significant effect with salinity. Meanwhile, limb autotomy proved to affect the culture duration, BW increments, survival and feeding efficiency of S. olivacea. The study concludes that both salinity and limb autotomy play significant roles in moulting performances of S. olivacea, with 20 ppt being the best salinity to stimulate S. olivacea moulting and development compared with the other two treatments (10 ppt and 30 ppt). Limb autotomy also indicates promising results as this technique proved to accelerate the moulting duration of S. olivacea with a 100% moulting percentage within 30 days. Therefore, the outcome would certainly benefit in the aquaculture production of this species of commercial importance mainly on soft-shell crabs production and also emerge as crabs fattening technique

Jenayah dan keganasan: cara mengatasinya mengikut perspektif Islam

Jenayah dilakukan oleh manusia, manakala keganasan dilakukan oleh haiwan, bererti jika manusia melakukan keganasan bererti perbuatan itu di luar tabiat manusia. Setiap jenayah yang dilakukan perlu dikenakan hukuman yang sewajarnya untuk memberi pengajaran kepadanya supaya tidak mengulangi lagi dan juga kepada orang lain, sama ada jenayah hudud atau qisas atau ta'zir. Jenayah hudud dan qisas telah ditentukan oleh Allah S.W.T. jenis dan hukumannya, cuma terdapat sedikit perbezaan antara kedua-duanya. Hudud tiada sesiapa pun yang berhak memaafkan penjenayah jika telah sampai ke pengetahuan pihak berkuasa kerana hudud adalah hak Allah dan hak masyarakat. Manakala jenayah qisas pula, Islam telah memberi hak kepada mangsa atau warisnya jika melibatkan nyawa menuntut balas atau memaafkan penjenayah sama ada dengan ganti rugi atau sebaliknya kerana qisas adalah hak mangsa. Jenayah ta'sir ialah jenayah yang tidak disebut oleh Allah S.W.T. jenis dan hukumannya, hanya terpulang kepada masyarakat menentukan. Jenayah hudud melibatkan agama (murtad), akal (arak), harta (mencuri dan merompak), keturunan (zina) dan maruwah (tuduh zina). Jenayah qisas; melibatkan nyawa atau kecacatan atau kecederaan. Jenayah Ta'zir; melibatkan hak masyarakat umum seperti menipu, maki hamun, pecah amanah dan sebagainya, termasuk juga sebarang jenayah hudud atau qisas yang tidak dapat dilaksanakan hukumannya sama ada tidak mencukupi syarat-syarat yang diperlukan atau hukuman tersebut tidak memberi kesan kepada penjenayah ataupun hukuman qisas yang dimaafkan oleh mangsa. Hukuman terhadap penjenayah tersebut adalah setimpal dengan jenayah yang dilakukan jika telah disabitkan kesalahannya dan diputuskan oleh pihak berkuasa. Walau bagaimanapun, Islam telah menetapkan pelbagai syarat yang ketat untuk menentukan sesuatu jenayah yang perlu kepada hukuman, antaranya; ialah syarat kepada penjenayah, mereka yang menjadi mangsa, suasana berlaku jenayah, syarat-syarat khusus kepada saksi dan juga mereka yang membuat pengakuan, kerana sesuatu jenayah hanya boleh disabitkan dengan saksi atau pengakuan penjenayah sendiri. Tujuan pelaksanaan hukuman ini adalah untuk kepentingan manusia itu seudiri, kerana manusia makhluk istimewa sebagai khalifah di muka bumi bertanggungjawab memakmurkan dunia diberikan pelbagai keistimewaan, akal, nafsu dan seluruh makhluk di bawah pentadbiran manusia, di samping itu, manusia juga dibekalkan dengan pelbagai peraturan untuk dilaksanakan, bererti jika manusia tidak melaksanakan peraturan tersebut manusia perlu dibalaskan dengan hukuman sama atau di dunia atau akhirat