HIV Prevalence Among Pregnant Women in Eight Provincial Capitals in Indonesia in 2003-2010

This study has aims to determine the prevalence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) among pregnant women in the community and to estimate the number of babies born with HIV, using secondary data of 11.693 pregnant women from Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV (PMTCT) program conducted the Pelita Ilmu Foundation during 2003-2010 in eight provincial capitals in Indonesia. The HIV diagnosis was based on  Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). The HIV prevalence was calculated from those who participated in the post-test counseling. Mantel Haenszel Chi-square test was performed to see the trend. Of all pregnant women, 98% expressed their desire for HIV testing. The women, then, were given pre-test counseling. Of the pre-test counseled respondents, 95% were willing to do HIV test and of the HIV tested respondents 88% followed the post-test counseling to get the test result, and as much as 0.41% are HIV positive. HIV prevalence quite vary and there is an increasing trend from 2003 to 2009, from 0.36% in 2003-2006, rose to 0.52% in 2008, rose to 0.54% in 2009, then fell to 0.25% in 2010. An estimated 8.604 infants were born with HIV every year. However, if PMTCT program was implemented there will be 8.112 babies averted with HIV and will save around 42 billion rupiah per year. It is concluded that the prevalence of HIV among pregnant women in the community were still low and vary in five-time observations.  It is recommended that the government should implement a PMTCT program and integrated it with maternal & child health and family planning program

Dampak Pernikahan Usia Dini di Wilayah Pedesaan A Systematic Review

Pernikahan dini memiliki implikasi yang serius pada kesehatan masyarakat. Secara global, lebih dari 650 juta wanita hidup atau satu dari lima gadis menikah sebelum 18 tahun, satu dari 20 anak perempuan menikah sebelum 15 tahun setiap harinya. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui dampak pernikahan dini bagi perempuan dan populasi yang rentan terhadapnya. Tinjauan sistematis dilakukan pada database online SCOPUS, PubMed, ProQuest, dan EBSCO dengan lima kata kunci, “early marriage” OR “child marriage” AND “impact” OR “outcomes” AND “in rural areas” kemudian disaring berdasarkan publikasi khusus tahun 2012-2018, berbahasa Inggris, dan teks lengkap. Terdapat tujuh artikel asli memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Penelitian ini mengidentifikasi bahwa pernikahan dini meningkatkan kemungkinan kehamilan yang tidak diinginkan, terminasi kehamilan, kelahiran mati, keguguran, komplikasi kehamilan atau persalinan, kesuburan tinggi, kekurangan gizi, kesehatan mental, mendapat kekerasan pasangan intim, sulit dalam kegiatan sehari-hari. Akibatnya, mereka memiliki kemungkinan untuk lebih sering dan lebih awal hamil, yang dimana ini menimbulkan berbagai keluhan kesehatan baik jangka pendek bahkan jangka panjang, dalam beberapa kasus dapat mengakibatkan kematian. Kesimpulannya, terdapat banyak dampak dalam pernikahan dini. Sehingga, mencegah terjadinya pernikahan dini merupakan hal terpenting yang harus dilakukan, yaitu memberikan pendidikan seksualitas, kesehatan reproduksi, dan dampak pernikahan usia dini secara komprehensif