The Objectives of Engineering Education

In developing the models and approaches for engineering education, in addition to having technical knowledge (engineering science) there is a specific focus on skills and attitudes (engineering practice). Hence, the determination of engineering education objectives with regard to the required knowledge, skills, and attitudes for engineers is the basis of many studies in the present century. The aim of this paper is to determine the objectives of engineering education based on content analysis of present documents. The society in this research includes present documents in the context of engineering education objectives in which seven documents as purposeful samples and desirable cases were selected for analysis. The instruments for data collection were a checklist and researcher-made forms. The data was analyzed and interpreted by open coding and axial coding. Based on the performed content analysis, 24 objectives were determined for engineering education, which were classified into five categories. Then it was determined how the established objectives were supported by present documents. At last, based on the performed research in the field, the relation between assumed objectives with present documents was determined

Extension of the Expanded Fluid Viscosity Model to Characterized Oils

The Expanded Fluid (EF) viscosity model for Newtonian fluids is extended to crude oils characterized as mixtures of defined components and pseudo-components. The EF models take the fluid density, dilute gas viscosity, pressure, and fluid composition as inputs and requires three fluid-specific parameters, <i>c</i>₂, <i>c</i>₃, and ρ_s^o, for the fluid or its components. Generally, experimental viscosity data are required to determine these values for each component. In this study, an internally consistent estimation method was developed to predict the fluid-specific parameters of the model for hydrocarbons when no experimental viscosity data are available. The method uses <i>n</i>-paraffins as the reference system and correlates the fluid-specific parameters for hydrocarbons as departures from the reference system. The method was evaluated against viscosity data of over 250 pure hydrocarbon compounds and petroleum distillation cuts. The model predictions were within the same order of magnitude of the measurements, with an overall average absolute relative deviation of 31%. The method was then used to calculate the correlation parameters for the pseudo-components of nine dead and live oils characterized on the basis of their gas chromatography (GC) assays. The viscosities of the crude oils were predicted within a factor of 3 of the measured values using the measured density of the oils as the input. The applicability of the EF model was also demonstrated using the densities determined with the Peng–Robinson equation of state. A simple method was proposed to tune the model to available viscosity data using a single multiplier to the <i>c</i>₂ parameter (and also to <i>c</i>₃ and ρ_s^o if necessary) of the pseudo-components. Single-parameter tuning of the model improved the viscosity prediction for the characterized oils to within 30% of the measured values

Emotions of felt memories: Looking for interplay of emotions and histories in Iranian political consciousness since Iran–Iraq War (1980–1988)

Emotions and feelings overwhelm mnemonic practices of any collective with traces of violence in its history. The violent history has become the means for the Iranian regime to regulate the nation's political consciousness. The regime formulates the political consciousness by way of politics of memory and enforcing a master narrative drawn from Shi'i history. I trace elicited emotions, within the war veterans’ memoirs, to explain feelings and consciousness in the realm of situated bodies. By way of those emotions, the article outlines an anthropology of emotions that rejects universal codes of emotions and instead proposes following an embodied consciousness through emotions along with histories that evoke them. My argument broadens Sarah Ahmed's idea of history and emotions to arrive at the assemblage of mnemonic practices in post-war Iran and advocate a historically informed anthropology of emotions