A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF METHODOLOGIES USED TO ASSESS “UNANTICIPATED” CUTTING MECHANICS

Biomechanical analysis of cutting mechanics is a popular approach to assessing risk factors for injuries such as anterior cruciate ligament ruptures. The purpose of this study was to systematically review the methodological approaches to assessing unanticipated cutting mechanics and provide a review of such approaches. A total of 93 articles where identified that had assessed unanticipated cutting. The most common methodological design was a 45° cutting task following a run-up where the direction of the cut was determined by a light-based stimulus. External light stimuli create a worst-case scenario by providing information about the task at the last moment meaning opportunity for preparatory mechanics is limited. However, light stimuli do not allow for perception-action to take place and may therefore not truly reflect an athlete’s cutting mechanics

LEG DOMINANCE EFFECTS ON KNEE KINEMATICS IN UNILATERAL AND BILATERAL SQUATS

Squatting movements are often used to assess known risk factors of injury such as knee valgus angle. This study aims to investigate the knee kinematics during unilateral and bilateral squats in relation to the dominant and non-dominant leg. Five uninjured participants completed three squats in three conditions; dominant unilateral, non-dominant unilateral and bilateral. Knee extension and valgus angles were calculated. Maximum knee valgus angle was higher in the nondominant unilateral trial than the same leg during the bilateral squat (unilateral = 10.6", bilateral = 8.4"; p < 0.05). Knee extension angles were significantly lower during bilateral squats (unilateral = 11 1 .go & 109.2", bilateral = 97.5" 8 98.2'; p < 0.05). Limb dominance effects knee valgus during squatting, and should therefore be taken into account during injury risk assessments

Retinal Architecture in ​\u3cem\u3eRGS9-\u3c/em\u3e and ​\u3cem\u3eR9AP\u3c/em\u3e-Associated Retinal Dysfunction (Bradyopsia)

Purpose To characterize photoreceptor structure and mosaic integrity in subjects with RGS9- and R9AP-associated retinal dysfunction (bradyopsia) and compare to previous observations in other cone dysfunction disorders such as oligocone trichromacy. Design Observational case series. Methods setting: Moorfields Eye Hospital (United Kingdom) and Medical College Wisconsin (USA). study population: Six eyes of 3 subjects with disease-causing variants in RGS9 or R9AP. main outcome measures: Detailed retinal imaging using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography and confocal adaptive-optics scanning light ophthalmoscopy. Results Cone density at 100 μm from foveal center ranged from 123 132 cones/mm2to 140 013 cones/mm2. Cone density ranged from 30 573 to 34 876 cones/mm2 by 600 μm from center and from 15 987 to 16,253 cones/mm2 by 1400 μm from center, in keeping with data from normal subjects. Adaptive-optics imaging identified a small, focal hyporeflective lesion at the foveal center in both eyes of the subject with RGS9-associated disease, corresponding to a discrete outer retinal defect also observed on spectral-domain optical coherence tomography; however, the photoreceptor mosaic remained intact at all other observed eccentricities. Conclusions Bradyopsia and oligocone trichromacy share common clinical symptoms and cannot be discerned on standard clinical findings alone. Adaptive-optics imaging previously demonstrated a sparse mosaic of normal wave-guiding cones remaining at the fovea, with no visible structure outside the central fovea in oligocone trichromacy. In contrast, the subjects presented in this study with molecularly confirmed bradyopsia had a relatively intact and structurally normal photoreceptor mosaic, allowing the distinction between these disorders based on the cellular phenotype and suggesting different pathomechanisms

The RMS Survey: The Bolometric Fluxes and Luminosity Distributions of Young Massive Stars

Context: The Red MSX Source (RMS) survey is returning a large sample of massive young stellar objects (MYSOs) and ultra-compact (UC) \HII{} regions using follow-up observations of colour-selected candidates from the MSX point source catalogue. Aims: To obtain the bolometric fluxes and, using kinematic distance information, the luminosities for young RMS sources with far-infrared fluxes. Methods: We use a model spectral energy distribution (SED) fitter to obtain the bolometric flux for our sources, given flux data from our work and the literature. The inputs to the model fitter were optimised by a series of investigations designed to reveal the effect varying these inputs had on the resulting bolometric flux. Kinematic distances derived from molecular line observations were then used to calculate the luminosity of each source. Results: Bolometric fluxes are obtained for 1173 young RMS sources, of which 1069 have uniquely constrained kinematic distances and good SED fits. A comparison of the bolometric fluxes obtained using SED fitting with trapezium rule integration and two component greybody fits was also undertaken, and showed that both produce considerable scatter compared to the method used here. Conclusions: The bolometric flux results allowed us to obtain the luminosity distributions of YSOs and UC\HII{} regions in the RMS sample, which we find to be different. We also find that there are few MYSOs with L $\geq$ 10$^{5}$\lsol{}, despite finding many MYSOs with 10$^{4}$\lsol{} $\geq$ L $\geq$ 10$^{5}$\lsol{}.Comment: 12 pages, 12 figures, 3 tables, accepted to A&A. The full versions of tables 1 and 2 will be available via the CDS upon publicatio

Perinatal factors associate with vertebral size and shape but not lumbar lordosis in 10-year-old children

Acknowledgements Ethical approval for this study was granted by the North of Scotland Research Ethics Committees (13/NS/0162). We would like to thank the authors and radiographers and participants involved in the original study from which MR images and data were used. We thank Dr Onyedikachi Eseonu for his contribution to data generation and marking up spinal images. AVP was supported by a PhD studentship kindly donated by Roemex Ltd. to the Aberdeen Centre of the Oliver Bird Rheumatism Programme at the Nuffield Foundation. The funders played no part in the design, execution or publication of this study and the authors have no interests to declarePeer reviewedPostprintPostprin

Force trace characteristics in anterior cruciate ligament deficient and uninjured knees during a maximal isometric task

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) deficiency has been shown to alter the muscle function of the leg. This study aimed to investigate differences in force trace characteristics of a maximal isometric task between ACL deficient and uninjured knees. Six ACL injured and uninjured participants completed maximal adduction, extension, and flexion isometric contractions. Peak, mean, standard deviation (SD), coefficient of variance (CV), frequency and signal regularity were calculated for all trials. Mean flexion force was larger in the ACL intact (0.91 N/kg) compared to their deficient (0.67 N/kg; p<0.05) knee. SD, CV and frequency composition of the extension trial differed between limbs in the uninjured (p<0.05). Analysis of variability, frequency and regularity of a signal may provide information on the function of the knee

Ponderosa pine forest reconstruction: Comparisons with historical data

Dendroecological forest reconstruction techniques are used to estimate presettlement structure of northern Arizona ponderosa pine forests. To test the accuracy of these techniques, we remeasured 10 of the oldest forest plots in Arizona, a subset of 51 historical plots established throughout the region from 1909 to 1913, and compared reconstruction outputs to historical data collected. Results of this analysis revealed several distinct sources of error: (1) After about 90 years, 94 percent of the recorded trees were relocated and remeasured, but approximately three trees/ha were missing in the field due to obliteration by fire or decay; (2) sizes of trees living in 1909 were overestimated by an average of 11.9 percent; (3) snag and log decomposition models tended to underestimate time since tree death by an undetermined amount; and (4) historical sizes of cut trees were difficult to estimate due to uncertainties concerning harvest dates. The aggregate effect of these errors was to overestimate the number of trees occurring in 1909-1913. Sensitivity analysis applied to decomposition equations showed variations in reconstructed sizes of snags and logs by +/- 7 percent and stand density estimates by 7 percent. Results suggest that these reconstruction techniques are robust but tend to overestimate tree size and forest density