The loss of Normandy and the invention of Terre Normannorum, 1204

The conquest of Normandy by Philip Augustus of France effectively ended the ‘Anglo-Norman’ realm created in 1066, forcing cross-Channel landholders to choose between their English and their Norman estates. The best source for the resulting tenurial upheaval in England is the Rotulus de valore terrarum Normannorum, a list of seized properties and their former holders, and this article seeks to expand our understanding of the impact of the loss of Normandy through a detailed analysis of this document. First, it demonstrates that the compilation of the roll can be divided into two distinct stages, the first containing valuations taken before royal justices in June 1204 and enrolled before the end of July, and the second consisting of returns to orders for the valuation of particular properties issued during the summer and autumn, as part of the process by which these estates were committed to new holders. Second, study of the roll and other documentary sources permits a better understanding of the order for the seizure of the lands of those who had remained in Normandy, the text of which does not survive. This establishes that this royal order was issued in late May 1204 and, further, that it enjoined the temporary seizure rather than the permanent confiscation of these lands. Moreover, the seizure was not retrospective and covers a specific window of time in 1204. On the one hand, this means that the roll is far from a comprehensive record of terre Normannorum. On the other hand, it is possible to correlate the identities of those Anglo-Norman landholders whose English estates were seized with the military progress of the French king through the duchy in May and June and thus shed new light on the campaign of 1204. Third, the article considers the initial management of the seized estates and highlights the fact that, when making arrangements for the these lands, John was primarily concerned to maintain his freedom of manoeuvre, since he was not prepared to accept that Normandy had been lost for good

Sense of agency, associative learning, and schizotypy

Despite the fact that the role of learning is recognised in empirical and theoretical work on sense of agency (SoA), the nature of this learning has, rather surprisingly, received little attention. In the present study we consider the contribution of associative mechanisms to SoA. SoA can be measured quantitatively as a temporal linkage between voluntary actions and their external effects. Using an outcome blocking procedure, it was shown that training action-outcome associations under conditions of increased surprise augmented this temporal linkage. Moreover, these effects of surprise were correlated with schizotypy scores, suggesting that individual differences in higher level experiences are related to associative learning and to its impact on SoA. These results are discussed in terms of models of SoA, and our understanding of disrupted SoA in certain disorders

Alien Registration- Moore, Anthony (Auburn, Androscoggin County)

https://digitalmaine.com/alien_docs/30079/thumbnail.jp

Beyond Technique: An Examination of Musical and Textual Expression from Baroque to Twentieth Century

Although vocal technique is an important element in the execution of any type of good singing, it is only meant to facilitate the transmission of a message, emotion or feeling. All composers put great thought into conveying this message through their settings, and it is up to the performer to follow their directions and to interpret independently when there are none given. In this regard, the vocalist becomes the conduit of the composer, bringing their wishes to life and adding their own personality and interpretive slants. Additionally, there are conventions of each specific period to which the pieces belong that must be observed. The result of this amalgamation is a layering of meaning beyond the intent of the composer. Meaning is always inherent in the music and text on the page before it is performed, but it is brought to life through the performers’ interpretation. Tempo, diction choice, word stress, dynamic level, vocal color, motif emphasis (by the pianist), piano and vocal relationship, and even physical choice help to shape meaning a great deal. In addition to giving a historical overview of each period and piece, this discourse will also examine how the performers’ choices convey the meaning of the works. This work is meant to function as an accompanying booklet detailing the history of the works being performed. There is an extensive process of preparation that goes into performing a recital, and often, the research that is done is a process of discovery not only about the correct performance style of the music, but also about the lives and style of both the poets and composers. Program notes do not often include much of the information found through this intense preparation process. This thesis is meant to serve as an extended performer ‘s journal to this specific recital. It is meant as a manual through its inclusion of information regarding the style and prevailing expressive conventions of each period, which may assist the performer in making informed decisions regarding the interpretation and execution of the musical elements

Selenium modulation of gut epithelial cell stress responses

PhD ThesisSelenium (Se) is an essential micronutrient necessary for human health. In humans, Se de ciency has been associated with in ammatory bowel disease (IBD) and increased risk of certain cancers, including colorectal cancer. Se has well established antioxidant and anti-in ammatory properties which are medi- ated, in part, though the actions of the selenoproteins, in which Se is present in the form of the amino acid selenocysteine (Sec). The cells of the gastrointestinal tract are exposed to stresses from pro-oxidative and hypoxic conditions, which have been suggested to be involved in the pathogenesis and pathology of IBD. Further characteristics of IBD are inappropriate immune responses of the gut epithelial cells to the gut microbiota. Thus, to help explain the roles of Se in IBD, it is important to understand the modulatory e ects of Se on the cell innate immune responses following challenge of intestinal epithelial cells with pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), as well as oxidative and hypoxic stresses. The present work aimed to assess the roles of Se and the selenoproteins, SelH and TR1, in the responses of Caco-2 cell, modelling the gut epithelium, to hypoxia and infection, the latter replicated by challenge with S. typhimurium agellin. To investigate the responses of gut cells to low Se and PAMPs, undi erentiated Caco-2 cells with either supplemented with Se (40 nM selenite) or depleted of Se for 72 h before challenging with agellin (F) (500 ng/mL). The gene expression of the pro-in ammatory cytokines IL-8 and TNF- were measured in addition to the genes encoding the antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) hBD1 and hBD2. Data showed that Se depletion signi cantly a ected hBD1 expression (0.88-fold increase, P < 0.05), but that Se depletion plus F signi cantly increased the induced expression of all genes (IL-8: 1.68-fold, P < 0.001; TNF- : 0.71-fold, P < 0.001; hBD2: 1.74-fold, P < 0.001) compared with the Se supplemented cells. F and Se depletion were also associated with a signi cant increase in expression of TR1 (F: 1.68-fold, P < 0.001; Se depletion: 0.33-fold, P < 0.01) and GPX2 (F: 3-fold, P < 0.001; Se depletion: 11-fold, P < 0.001), but a signi cant decrease due to Se depletion in SelH (62 %, P < 0.001) and GPX1 (47 %, P < 0.001). The selenoprotein TR1 is an antioxidant enzyme and the primary regulator of the thioredoxin system (TXN), which has previously been shown to regulate immune responses. Knockdown of TR1 expression resulted in the reduced agellin-induced expression of IL-8 (40 %, P < 0.001), TNF-a (45 %, P < 0.01), hBD1 (40 %, P < 0.01) and hBD2 (45 %, P < 0.001). These data suggested that Se, through TR1, is involved in regulating the expression of agellin-induced immune e ectors. The selenoprotein SelH has also been suggested to have antioxidant functions. Knockdown of SelH was associated with the increased expression of the oxidative stress-associated genes NQO1 (0.41-fold, P < 0.001), and HMOX1 (1.78-fold, P < 0.001), supporting a role for SelH in the expression of oxidative stress-associated genes. The role of Se, through SelH and oxidative stress, in regulating the gut responses to agellin, has been discussed. The Caco-2 cell model is more representative of intestinal epithelial cells in vivo, when the cells are di erentiated and placed in a gaseous environment re ecting the oxygen gradient of the gut. Thus the F challenge experiments using di erentiated Caco-2 cells were repeated using a dualoxic environment. Interestingly, no potentiation of gene expression relating to the pro-in ammatory agents IL-8 and TNF- , and the defensins hBD1 and hBD2 was observed. These data suggested that the dualoxic environment completely diminished the e ects of Se depletion on the expression of immune e ectors IL-8, TNF- , hBD2 and hBD1, following agellin challenge. These data suggested the e ects of Se in more physiologically relevant intestinal epithelial cell models, more representative of the in vivo state, are required

Actomyosin-based Self-organization of cell internalization during C. elegans gastrulation

Background: Gastrulation is a key transition in embryogenesis; it requires self-organized cellular coordination, which has to be both robust to allow efficient development and plastic to provide adaptability. Despite the conservation of gastrulation as a key event in Metazoan embryogenesis, the morphogenetic mechanisms of self-organization (how global order or coordination can arise from local interactions) are poorly understood. Results: We report a modular structure of cell internalization in Caenorhabditis elegans gastrulation that reveals mechanisms of self-organization. Cells that internalize during gastrulation show apical contractile flows, which are correlated with centripetal extensions from surrounding cells. These extensions converge to seal over the internalizing cells in the form of rosettes. This process represents a distinct mode of monolayer remodeling, with gradual extrusion of the internalizing cells and simultaneous tissue closure without an actin purse-string. We further report that this self-organizing module can adapt to severe topological alterations, providing evidence of scalability and plasticity of actomyosin-based patterning. Finally, we show that globally, the surface cell layer undergoes coplanar division to thin out and spread over the internalizing mass, which resembles epiboly. Conclusions: The combination of coplanar division-based spreading and recurrent local modules for piecemeal internalization constitutes a system-level solution of gradual volume rearrangement under spatial constraint. Our results suggest that the mode of C. elegans gastrulation can be unified with the general notions of monolayer remodeling and with distinct cellular mechanisms of actomyosin-based morphogenesis