10 research outputs found
Cage Encapsulated Gold Nanoparticles as Heterogeneous Photocatalyst for Facile and Selective Reduction of Nitroarenes to Azo Compounds
A discrete nanoscopic organic cage (OC1(R)) has been synthesized from a phenothiazine based trialdehyde treating with chiral 1,2-cyclohexanediamine building block via dynamic imine bond formation followed by reductive amination. The cage compound has been characterized by several spectroscopic methods, which advocate that OC1(R) has trigonal prismatic shape formed via 2 + 3] self-assembled imine condensation followed by imine reduction. This newly designed cage has aromatic walls and porous interior decorated with two cyclic thioether and three vicinal diamine moieties suitable for binding gold ions to engineer the controlled nucleation and stabilization of ultrafine gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). The functionalized confined pocket of the cage has been used for the controlled synthesis of AuNPs with narrow size distribution via encapsulation of Au(III) ions. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric (ICP-MS) analysis revealed that the composite Au@OC1(R) has very high (similar to 68 wt %) gold loading. In distinction, reduction of gold salts in absence of the cage yielded structureless agglomerates. The fine-dispersed cage anchored AuNPs (Au@OC1(R)) have been finally used as potential heterogeneous photocatalyst for very facile and selective conversion of nitroarenes to respective azo compounds at ambient temperature in just 2 h reaction time. Exceptional chemical stability and reusability without any agglomeration of AuNPs even after several cycles of use are the potential features of this material. The composite Au@OC1(R) represents the first example of organic cage supported gold nanoparticles as photocatalyst
Self-assembly of a ``cationic-cage'' via the formation of Ag-carbene bonds followed by imine condensation
A new strategy for the synthesis of a ``cationic-cage'' (CC-Ag) has been developed via metal-carbene (M-CNHC) bond formation followed by imine bond condensation. Reaction of a trigonal trisimidazolium salt H3L(PF6)(3) functionalized with three flexible N-phenyl-aldehyde pendants with silver oxide yielded a trinuclear tricationic organometallic cage (OC-Ag). Subsequent treatment of the organometallic cage (OC-Ag) with 1,4-diaminobutane links the two tris-NHC ligands via imine bond condensation, which thus generates a 3D `cationiccage' (CC-Ag). Furthermore, post-synthetic replacement of the Ag(I) with Au(I) leading to the formation of CC-Au was achieved via trans-metalation, with the retention of the molecular architecture
Reversible Multistimuli Switching of a Spiropyran-Functionalized Organic Cage in Solid and Solution
A spiropyran-decorated
covalent organic cage (<b>PC2</b>)
has been designed, employing dynamic imine chemistry followed by imine
bond reduction. The molecule is capable of altering its color upon
exposure to external stimuli such as heat and light. Construction
of a 3D organic cage introduces a new piece to the system by swapping
the closed form with the open form in the solid state with diverse
color change. Moreover, this material has high chemical stability
and is capable of reversible stimuli-responsive color change without
any degradation for an extended period
Building Block Dependent Morphology Modulation of Cage Nanoparticles and Recognition of Nitroaromatics
Morphology of nanomaterials has a strong impact on their chemical/physical properties, and controlled synthesis of such materials with desirable morphology is a major challenge. This article presents the role of a building block in the morphology of organic cage particles. In this context, three organic cages (A(3)X(2), B3X2, and C3X2) were devised from triphenylamine-based dialdehydes (A-C) and a flexible triamine (X) by utilizing dynamic imine chemistry. All of the synthesized cages were characterized by various spectroscopic techniques, which suggested the formation of 3+ 2] assembled architectures. Though the cages are isostructural, structural variation in the aldehyde building blocks imparted by the incorporation of phenyl moieties into the triphenylamine core produces morphologically diverse cage particles, as indicated by SEM. The synthesized cages were found to be fluorescent; the reduced analogue of cage A(3)X(2) (A(3)X(2)(r)) was tested to explore its use as a chemosensor for the detection of nitroaromatic explosives. The experimental findings suggest high selectivity and sensitivity of A(3)X(2)(r) towards picric acid (PA) among the various nitroaromatics tested. A theoretical investigation of fluorescence quenching suggested that formation of a ground-state charge-transfer complex with a resonance energy-transfer (RET) process could be the main reason behind such selectivity of the cage towards PA
Self-Assembled Pd(II) Barrels as Containers for Transient Merocyanine Form and Reverse Thermochromism of Spiropyran
Self-assembly of a cis-blocked Pd(II) 90\ub0 ditopic acceptor [cis-(tmeda)Pd(NO3)2] (M) with a tetradentate donor
L1 [benzene-1,4-di(4-terpyridine)] in 2:1 molar ratio yielded two isometric molecular barrels MB1 and MB3 in DMSO
[tmeda = N,N,N\u2032N\u2032-tetramethylethane-1,2-diamine]. Exclusive formation of the symmetrical tetrafacial barrel (MB1) was
achieved when the self-assembly was performed in aqueous medium. The presence of a large confined cavity makes MB1 a
potential molecular container. Spiropyran (SP) compounds exist in stable closed spiro form in visible light and convert to
transient open merocyanine (MC) form upon irradiation with UV-light or upon strong heating. The transient MC form readily
converts to the stable closed SP form in visible light. MB1 has been employed as a safe container to store the planar and
unstable merocyanine isomers (MC1/2) of different spiropyran molecules (SP1/2) [SP1/2 = 6-bromo-spiropyran and 6-
nitrospiropyran] for several days. The transient MC forms (MC1 and MC2) were found to be stable inside the molecular
container MB1 under visible light and even in the presence of different stimuli such as heat and UV light for a long time. Such
stabilization of MC forms inside the confined cavity of MB1 is noteworthy. This phenomenon was generalized by utilizing a
carbazole-based molecular barrel (MB2) as a host, which also showed a similar stabilization of transient MC form in visible light
at room temperature. Moreover, reverse thermochromism was observed as a result of heating of the MC1 82 MB2 complex,
which de-encapsulates the guest in the form of SP1 to give a colorless solution. Moreover, both the host molecules (MB1,
MB2) were capable of stabilizing transient MC2 even in the solid state. Such stabilization of transient MC forms in the solid
state and transformation of SP forms to MC forms in the solid state in the presence of molecular barrel are remarkable, and
these properties have been employed in developing a magic ink
Molecular Cage Impregnated Palladium Nanoparticles: Efficient, Additive-Free Heterogeneous Catalysts for Cyanation of Aryl Halides
Two shape-persistent covalent cages
(<b>CC1</b><sup><b>r</b></sup> and <b>CC2</b><sup><b>r</b></sup>) have
been devised from triphenyl amine-based trialdehydes and cyclohexane
diamine building blocks utilizing the dynamic imine chemistry followed
by imine bond reduction. The cage compounds have been characterized
by several spectroscopic techniques which suggest that <b>CC1</b><sup><b>r</b></sup> and <b>CC2</b><sup><b>r</b></sup> are [2+3] and [8+12] self-assembled architectures, respectively.
These state-of-the-art molecules have a porous interior and stable
aromatic backbone with multiple palladium binding sites to engineer
the controlled synthesis and stabilization of ultrafine palladium
nanoparticles (PdNPs). As-synthesized cage-embedded PdNPs have been
characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning
electron microscopy (SEM), and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD). Inductively
coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry reveals that <b>Pd@CC1</b><sup><b>r</b></sup> and <b>Pd@CC2</b><sup><b>r</b></sup> have 40 and 25 wt% palladium loading, respectively. On the
basis of TEM analysis, it has been estimated that as small as ∼1.8
nm PdNPs could be stabilized inside the <b>CC1</b><sup><b>r</b></sup>, while larger <b>CC2</b><sup><b>r</b></sup> could stabilize ∼3.7 nm NPs. In contrast, reduction of palladium
salts in the absence of the cages form structure less agglomerates.
The well-dispersed cage-embedded NPs exhibit efficient catalytic performance
in the cyanation of aryl halides under heterogeneous, additive-free
condition. Moreover, these materials have excellent stability and
recyclability without any agglomeration of PdNPs after several cycles
Molecular Cage Impregnated Palladium Nanoparticles: Efficient, Additive-Free Heterogeneous Catalysts for Cyanation of Aryl Halides
Two shape-persistent covalent cages
(<b>CC1</b><sup><b>r</b></sup> and <b>CC2</b><sup><b>r</b></sup>) have
been devised from triphenyl amine-based trialdehydes and cyclohexane
diamine building blocks utilizing the dynamic imine chemistry followed
by imine bond reduction. The cage compounds have been characterized
by several spectroscopic techniques which suggest that <b>CC1</b><sup><b>r</b></sup> and <b>CC2</b><sup><b>r</b></sup> are [2+3] and [8+12] self-assembled architectures, respectively.
These state-of-the-art molecules have a porous interior and stable
aromatic backbone with multiple palladium binding sites to engineer
the controlled synthesis and stabilization of ultrafine palladium
nanoparticles (PdNPs). As-synthesized cage-embedded PdNPs have been
characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning
electron microscopy (SEM), and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD). Inductively
coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry reveals that <b>Pd@CC1</b><sup><b>r</b></sup> and <b>Pd@CC2</b><sup><b>r</b></sup> have 40 and 25 wt% palladium loading, respectively. On the
basis of TEM analysis, it has been estimated that as small as ∼1.8
nm PdNPs could be stabilized inside the <b>CC1</b><sup><b>r</b></sup>, while larger <b>CC2</b><sup><b>r</b></sup> could stabilize ∼3.7 nm NPs. In contrast, reduction of palladium
salts in the absence of the cages form structure less agglomerates.
The well-dispersed cage-embedded NPs exhibit efficient catalytic performance
in the cyanation of aryl halides under heterogeneous, additive-free
condition. Moreover, these materials have excellent stability and
recyclability without any agglomeration of PdNPs after several cycles
Mixed-metal chalcogenide tetrahedral clusters with an exo-polyhedral metal fragment
The reaction of metal carbonyl compounds with group 6 and 8 metallaboranes led us to report the synthesis and structural characterization of several novel mixed-metal chalcogenide tetrahedral clusters. Thermolysis of arachno-[(Cp*RuCO)2B2H6], 1, and [Os3(CO)12] in the presence of 2-methylthiophene yielded [Cp*Ru(CO)2(μ-H){Os3(CO)9}S], 3, and [Cp*Ru(μ-H){Os3(CO)11}], 4. In a similar fashion, the reaction of [(Cp*Mo)2B5H9], 2, with [Ru3(CO)12] and 2-methylthiophene yielded [Cp*Ru(CO)2(μ-H){Ru3(CO)9}S], 5, and conjuncto-[(Cp*Mo)2B5H8(μ-H){Ru3(CO)9}S], 6. Both compounds 3 and 5 can be described as 50-cve (cluster valence electron) mixed-metal chalcogenide clusters, in which a sulfur atom replaces one of the vertices of the tetrahedral core. Compounds 3 and 5 possess a [M3S] tetrahedral core, in which the sulfur is attached to an exo-metal fragment, unique in the [M3S] metal chalcogenide tetrahedral arrangements. All the compounds have been characterized by mass spectrometry, IR, and 1H, 11B and 13C NMR spectroscopy in solution, and the solid state structures were unequivocally established by crystallographic analysis of compounds 3, 5 and 6
Instantaneous Gelation of a Self-Healable Wide-Bandgap Semiconducting Supramolecular Mg(II)-Metallohydrogel: An Efficient Nonvolatile Memory Design with Supreme Endurance
An efficient strategy for room-temperature, atmospheric-pressure
synthesis of a supramolecular metallohydrogel of the Mg(II) ion, i.e.,
Mg@3AP, using the metal-coordinating organic ligand 3-amino-1-propanol
as a low-molecular-weight gelator (LMWG) in a water medium has been
developed. Through a rheological analysis, we looked into the mechanical
properties of the supramolecular Mg(II)-metallohydrogel. The self-healing
nature of the metallohydrogel is confirmed along with the thixotropic
characteristics. Investigation using field emission scanning electron
microscopy revealed the hierarchical network of the supramolecular
metallohydrogel. The EDX elemental mapping confirms the primary chemical
constituents of the metallohydrogel. The possible metallohydrogel
formation strategy has been analyzed through FT-IR spectroscopic studies.
In this work, Schottky diode structures in a metal–semiconductor–metal
geometry structures based on a magnesium(II) metallohydrogel (Mg@3AP)
have been constructed, and charge transport behavior has been observed.
Furthermore, here, it is demonstrated that the resistive random access
memory (RRAM) device based on Mg@3AP exhibits bipolar resistive switching
behavior at room temperature and ambient conditions. We have also
looked into the switching mechanism through the formation (rupture)
of conductive filaments between the metal electrodes to understand
the process of resistive switching behavior. With a high on/off ratio
(∼100), this RRAM device exhibits remarkable switching endurance
over 10,000 switching cycles. These structures are suitable for use
in nonvolatile memory design, neuromorphic computing, flexible electronics,
and optoelectronics, among other fields, due to their simple fabrication
procedures, reliable resistive switching behavior, and stability of
the current system