The ejection and strength of binary iron-cellulose powder compacts

In this study, the ejection stage during the densification process and the mechanical strength of green (unsintered) compact were studied for the binary powder compact of iron and micro crystalline cellulose (MCC). The mass percentage of MCC powder were varied between 0% to 60% of the total mass composition of the iron and MCC mixture. Three different compaction load of 30kN, 60 kN and 90 kN were applied during the compaction process. The tensile strength of the green compact was determined by conducting diametral compression test where the green compact was loaded until fracture. From the compaction experiment, green compact with 60% MCC and 40% iron is the least friable which leads to coherent and well compactable powder. This composition also results in the green compact with the highest tensile strength

Characteristics of tableted roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn.) with addition of sodium starch glycolate

The focus of this research is to study the characteristics of tablets produced from the binary powder mixture of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn.) and sodium starch glycolate (SSG) powders. The experimental parameters studied were the compaction pressure and the mass composition. The findings indicated that the increase of compaction pressure increased the tensile strength of tablets until a limiting value was reached. On the other hand, as the compaction pressure increased, the porosity of tablets decreased to a minimum value. The elastic recovery of tablets slightly decreased in some results. The increase in compaction pressure also increased the dissolution time of tablets up to a maximum value. The increase of SSG composition decreased the tensile strength of tablets to a certain amount. The dissolution time of tablets also reduced when the percentage of SSG increased. Subsequently, under the same compaction conditions, the increase of SSG composition increased the porosity and the elastic recovery of tablets until the limiting values were achieved

Corpus Analysis: A Case Study on Kadazandusun Newspaper Archive

This paper presents the analysis of text data acquired from News Sabah Times, which is the only Sabah's newspaper that has a section for Kadazandusun news. Currently, there is no text translation tool available to translate a sentence or large text specifically from Kadazandusun to other languages such as Bahasa Melayu. Thus, the first step is to develop such a system is to analyze the available corpus from the newspaper archive. The objective is to perform text analysis and then providing the possible ways of utilizing the knowledge. In this work, the purpose is to report the methodology and utilization of the fundamental corpus analysis related to text mining and not covering on the linguistics aspects and grammatical context. In addition, this paper also reports on the findings from the newspaper corpus analysis

Effect of filler loading and coupling agent on tensile and impact properties of polypropylene with oil palm ash composites

The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of filler loading and using coupling agent on tensile and impact properties of thermoplastic polypropylene composite with oil palm ash (OPA) powder. This research is intended to discover the dependant various effect of loading percentage weight of filler OPA and coupling agent maleated anhydrate polypropilene (MAPP) on tensile and impact properties of thermoplastic composite. This materials is weighed as OPA loading percentage 0%, 1%, 3%, 5% and 7% while the loading percentage of coupling agent MAPP 0%, 3%, 6%, 10% and 12% affect the mechanical properties of thermoplastic composite. Mixture process has been carried out using double-screwed extruder machine at constant speed and temperature, while board manufacturing of PP/OPA composite are made used hot press and cold press machine. Loading OPA and MAPP effect on polypropylene composite were tested through mechanical testing, specifically for tensile and impact properties. All testing methods are predicated from ASTM's standard (American Society for Testing and Material). Results showed lower OPA content and highest MAPP in ratio giving the highest tensile and impact strength of the composite

Deformation and Mechanical Characteristics of Compacted Binary Mixtures of Plastic (Microcrystalline Cellulose), Elastic (Sodium Starch Glycolate), and Brittle (Lactose Monohydrate) Pharmaceutical Excipients.

This work studies the tensile strength, coherence, elastic, and plastic energy of single and bi-component compacted tablets consisting of (i) microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) PH 102 as a plastic material, (ii) (SSG) as an elastic material, and (iii) alpha lactose monohydrate as a brittle material by direct compression. Compacted tablets were studied with various mass ratios formed at an ultimate compaction stress of 150 MPa. The loading and unloading stages of the compaction process for the single and binary tablets were evaluated based on the energies derived from the force-displacement data obtained. The resulting tablet quality was measured in terms of the tensile strength. Material that exhibit predominantly plastic deformation (MCC) shows a dominant property over elastically deforming sodium starch glycolate (SSG) and brittle (lactose) materials during the loading and unloading stages of the compaction process. In conclusion, the tensile strength of the formed tablets depends directly on the plastic energy and indirectly on the elastic energy and is negatively affected by the presence of a brittle material

Development of a text analyzer for automatic categorization of texts documents based on interactive visualization approach

The wide availability of huge collections of text documents (news corpora, e-mails, web pages, scientific articles and etc) has fostered the need for efficient text mining tools. Information retrieval, text filtering and classification, and information extraction technologies are rapidly becoming key components of modem information processing systems, helping end-users to select, visualize and shape their informational environment. The ability to visualize documents into clusters is very essential. The best data summarization technique could be used to summarize data but a poor representation or visualization of it will be totally misleading. As proposed in many researches, clustering techniques are applied and the results are produced when documents are grouped in clusters. However, in some cases, user may want to know the relationship that exists between clusters. In order to illustrate relationships that exist between clusters, a hierarchical agglomerative clustering technique can be applied to build the dendogram. This dendogram display the relationship between a cluster and its sub-clusters. For this reason, user will be able to view the relationship that exists between clusters. In addition to that, the terms or features that characterize each cluster can also be displayed to assist user in understanding the contents of whole text documents that stored in the database. In this research a Text Analyzer (Visual Text) that automates the categorization of text documents based on a visualization approach using the Hierarchical Agglomerative Clustering technique will be proposed. With Visual Text, users are able to analyze and categorize text documents automatically, visualize the overall structure of their informational environment by visualizing each cluster and its sub-clusters, identify words or terms used to categorize each cluster and its sub-cluster and finally evaluate the quality of the text categorization based on the distance· method. The proposed tool is potentially very useful for analyzing text documents automatically for summarization purposes and thus facilitates decision making process

The mixing of cohesive and flowable powder materials using a common laboratory powder mixer

This study presented the homogeneity obtained when mixing cohesive and flowable powder materials using a laboratory powder mixer. The mixing process parameters studied were the mixing time and the mixer rotational speed (20 rpm, 40 rpm and 60 rpm) at the different ratios (95%: 5%, 50%: 50% and 5%: 95%) of the cohesive cocoa and flowable mannitol powder materials. The homogeneity sampled at the powder bed surface showed that only at the highest rotational speed of 60 rpm used in this work yield acceptable homogeneity at the two extremes of the powder mass ratios; 95%: 5% and 5%: 95% of mannitol: cocoa for some of the locations on the powder bed surface, especially near the wall of the mixer. Other combinations of the experimental conditions did not yield acceptable mixture homogeneity. These results showed the difficulties in obtaining a homogeneous powder mix when mixing cohesive powder materials, especially in academic teaching and research laboratories using a simple powder mixer apparatus

Effect of particle size on direct compaction of urea fertilizer

The effect of particle size on compaction properties and characteristics of urea tablets manufactured from available urea granules (TG tablets) and ground urea powders (TP tablets) was investigated. The compaction properties, namely, plastic work, elastic work, friction work, and maximum ejection pressure were analyzed from the force-displacement profile of the compaction process. Five applied pressures ranging between 37.67 MPa and 188.35 MPa were used to compact the materials using a universal testing machine. Characteristics of the tablets tested were mechanical strength and the release of ammonium ion through dissolution test. The results demonstrated that TG tablets underwent high plastic work and elastic work but low friction work compared to the TP tablets. TG tablets released lower amount of ammonium ion compared to the TP tablets at almost all applied pressures, except at 75.34 MPa. This study provides a valuable data for evaluating the behavior of urea in the form of granules and powders during the compaction process as well as the suitability in choosing the form of raw material for the production of urea tablets

Nanocrystallization of CK60 commercial steel by drilling method

Drilling as a novel Surface Sever Plastic Deformation method (SSPD) has been applied to commercial CK60 steel plate to create a Nano Crystalline (NC) structured layer. In present study, the CK60 steel plate has been quenched in room temperature water from 950 °C (1 Hr) and tempered in 350°C for one hour. Drilling has been done with use of Ti-Carbide coated drilling bit under 10, 15 and 20 m/min speeds. The microstructure of the samples was studied by light microscope and high resolution SEM. The formation of NC layer having grain size in the order of 50nm was confirmed by the SEM observation and applying Hall-Pitch formula on the samples drilled with 15 m/min speed. The created fine grain zone is separated from base metal structure and clear boundary with 1 to 10 microns thickness where the drilling speed changes from 15 to 20 m/min. The microhardness test result illustrates that the hardness of surface NC layer increases almost more than twice when compared with coarse grain structure of base metal

Effects of formulation on flowability of selected herbal powders using compendial methods and powder flow analyser

This study was aimed at investigating the effects of formulation on flowability of selected herbal powders which include Labisia pumila, Ortosiphon stamineus, Eurycoma longifolia and Andrographis paniculata using compendial methods and a recently available powder flow analyser. The material properties such as moisture content, particles sizes, tap and bulk densities of the pure herbal powders and the formulated powders were measured to determine Carr index and Hausner ratio which were indices of the compendial methods. Cohesion index and caking strength were used as basis of flowability indicator using the powder flow analyser. The flowability of the herbal powders were improved when they were formulated into beverages mix by mixing each herbal powders with other ingredients like sugar and nondairy creamer before analyzed using both the compendial methods and powder flow analyser. Both methods of flowability measurements adopted in this work complemented each other in the understanding and characterization of powder flowability