Functional food mixtures: inhibition of lipid peroxidation, HMGCoA reductase, and ACAT2 in hypercholesterolemia‐induced rats

Mixtures of selected functional foods (MSFF) were composed of nattokinase (fermented soybean), red yeast rice extract, Ginkgo biloba, oat fiber, garlic, bee pollen, and propolis as anti‐hypercholesterolemic were studied. The goal of this study was to determine the bioactive compounds in these mixtures and their cholesterol‐lowering potential effects (biochemical profiles, lipid peroxidation, liver tissue histopathology, and enzymatic activity analysis; HMGCoA reductase and ACAT2. The LC‐MS/MS analysis showed that bioactive compounds such as Monacolin K, naringin, tocopherol, and glutamate, which have potential as anti‐hypercholesterolemic agents, were present in these functional food mixtures. MSFF supplementation at 50 mg/kg 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg showed substantial reductions in serum lipid profiles (TC and LDL) (p < .05). The serum liver profiles of AST (115.33 ± 8.69 U/L) and ALT (61.00 ± 1.00 U/L) were significantly reduced (p < .05) with MSFF supplementation at 200 mg/kg. MDA lipid peroxidation has also decreased significantly (p < .05) in serum (3.69 ± 0.42 μmol/L) and liver (15.04 ± 0.97 μmol/mg) tissues and has been shown to protect against hepatic steatosis. The significant (p < .05) inhibition activity of HMGCoA reductase (163.82 ± 3.50 pg/ml) and ACAT2 (348.35 ± 18.85 pg/ml) was also attributed by the supplementation of MSFF at 200 mg/kg

Total antioxidant activity and enzymatic inhibition against alpha-amylase, alpha-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase of irradiated Archidendron bubalinum

Introduction: Archidendron bubalinum is an underutilised plant with numerous antioxidant properties and has a great potential to inhibit enzymes linked with diabetes and obesity. Food irradiation is an advanced technology to prolong the lifespan of plant, prevent physical spoilage and eradicate food borne disease. Present study was aimed to determine the total antioxidant activity, enzymatic inhibition against alpha-amylase, alpha-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase and the toxicity levels of non-irradiated and irradiated (3, 6, 9 & 12 kGy) hot aqueous extract of A. bubalinum. Methods: The antioxidant ability of the extract was determined by total phenolic content (TPC), total flavanoid content (TFC), Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), β-carotene assay and ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP) assay. The inhibitory activities were evaluated using α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and pancreatic lipase inhibition as-say. The toxicity levels of A. bubalinum extract were determined using Brine shrimp and Zebra-fish assays. Results: Results showed that irradiated A. bubalinum at 12 kGy demonstrated the highest TFC (448.99 ± 5.02 mg GAE/g), FRAP (2.55 ± 0.40 mmol Fe2+/g) and β-carotene bleaching activity (79.49%). Whereas, non-irradiated A. bubalinum samples expressed the highest TPC (2517.07 ± 15.81 mg GAE/g) and exhibited the lowest IC50 values of α-amylase (31.99 ± 3.15 μg/ml), α-glucosidase (23.40 ± 0.69μg/ml) and pancreatic lipase (32.81 ± 7.96 μg/ml) activity. The toxicity assays also showed no significant different between irradiated and non-irradiated samples. Conclusion: The study suggests that gamma irradiation has the prospective future to increase antioxidant properties and maintaining the enzyme inhibitory activities to preserve the sample of A. bubalinum for commercial purposes

Effects of mixtures from selected functional foods hypercholesterolaemic rats

The efficacy in cholesterol treatment by mixtures from selected functional foods (MSFF) including nattokinase (fermented soybean), red yeast rice extract, Ginkgo biloba, oat fiber, garlic, bee pollen and propolis in Sprague Dawley rats. This study was to determine the cholesterol-lowering effects in MSFF on the identification of bioactive compounds, enzymatic activities (HMGCoA reductase and ACAT2), lipid peroxidation (serum and tissue MDA), histopathological analysis of liver tissue, and biochemical profiles. The rats were divided into two groups (normal control (NC) and high cholesterol fed rats (HCD) for initial 4 weeks. After 4 weeks on high cholesterol diet, the group were divided into five groups: 1% HCD, 1% HCD + Simvastatin (10 mg/kg of body weight (BW)), 1% HCD + MSFF (50 mg/kg/BW), 1% HCD + MSFF (100 mg/kg/BW) and 1% HCD + MSFF (200 mg/kg /BW). LC-MS/MS analysis showed MSFF contained Monacolin K, naringin, tocopherol and glutamate. Changes of body weight and average feed intake/week were observed for all hypercholesterolaemic rats after four weeks of treatment compared to normal group. MSFF at 200 mg/kg/BW provide a significant (p<0.05) greatest inhibition activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMGCoA reductase) (167.86 ± 5.54 pg/ml) and acetyl-Coenzyme A acetyltransferase 2 (ACAT2) (360.19 ± 44.11 pg/ml) than 1% HCD. Lipid peroxidation showed a significant decreased (p<0.05) in serum (3.82 ± 0.83 μmol/L) and liver tissues (15.24 ± 1.81 μmol/mg) of malondialdehyde (MDA) against hepatic steatosis. MSFF at 100 mg/kg/BW had significantly (p<0.05) decreased serum total cholesterol (TC) (1.35±0.09 mmol/L) whereby MSFF at 50 mg/kg/BW reduced low density lipoprotein (LDL) (p<0.05)at 0.52 ± 0.09 mmol/L. Serum liver profiles of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (115.33 ± 8.69 U/L) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (61.00 ± 1.00 U/L) were decreased significantly (p<0.05) by MSFF at 200 mg/kg/BW. These combination of functional foods ingredients could provide health-promising effect for hypercholesterolaemia