A Review of Surface Texturing in Internal Combustion Engine Piston Assembly

This paper presents a brief review of surface texturing with a focus on piston assembly application. The paper begins with a general discussion on surface texturing and the manufacturing process of micro dimples.  Further, it discusses the theory of hydrodynamic lift generation and the effect of parameters of micro dimples texture on the surface-to-surface friction. Finally, the effect of surface texturing on heat transfer is briefly discussed. In pursuits to improve internal combustion engine (ICE) efficiency, tribological improvement of moving surfaces by means of micro surface texturing seems to be one of the way. However, texturing parameters have to be carefully designed as it can cause detrimental effect if the designs are wrong. Studies has shown micro surface texturing at piston ring could reduce friction around 20%-50% compare with un-textured piston ring and also reduce fuel consumption at 4%. Micro Surface texturing could also improve heat transfer between the surfaces to reduce piston slap and lubrication oil temperature. As reports on the surface texturing on friction reduction and heat transfer improvement in piston assembly are relatively scarce, it is suggested that optimization of micro dimple parameters for piston skirt application and its effect on engine tribology and heat transfer characteristics be further investigated

The Study of EMA Effect on Modal Identification: A Review

Modal Analysis is a common practice to define parameters of structure under scientific view. The properties that come along need to be enlightened so that every circumstance appeared may be tackled in proper manner. Experimental Modal Analysis (EMA) is a well-known procedure for determining modal parameters. The EMA is regarded as an ‘indoor tools’ to examine modal parameters. Meanwhile, Operational Modal Analysis (OMA) on the other hand acts as an ‘outdoor tools’, or operated at site. Here, the EMA analysis method will be discussed. Modal parameters consist of mode shape, natural frequency and damping ratio

The Study Of EMA Effect On Modal Identification: A Review

Modal Analysis is a common practice to define parameters of structure under scientific view. The properties that come along need to be enlightened so that every circumstance appeared can be tackled in proper manner. Experimental Modal Analysis (EMA) is a well-known procedure for determining modal parameters. The EMA is regarded as an ‘indoor tools’ to examine modal parameters. Meanwhile, Operational Modal Analysis (OMA) on the other hand acts as an ‘outdoor tools’, or operated at site. OMA tests in most engineering applications are not comparable to typical EMA tests. During a typical OMA test, the structure has different boundary conditions than the typical free-free conditions of an EMA test. Therefore, it can be expected that OMA results in many (or even most) engineering applications will show higher damping values than a free-free EMA test. Here, the EMA analysis method will be discussed. Modal parameters consist of mode shape, natural frequency and damping ratio. The study focused on performing mass change strategy via mass normalization of the displacement and strain mode shape occurred in strain EMA. By applying EMA, the mass-normalized displacement and strain mode shapes of the structures can be obtained, through matching the shapes which were calculated by FEM. The results were verified via classic EMA measurement method. One of the benefit of applying mass change strategy is other than obtaining the modal parameter, the strain mode shape parameter also possible to be determined. From the analysis, one can understand that the EMA has its own significant role in detecting modal appeared by mean of vibration. Thus, EMA proven to be a useful method to gain relevant data relating with mechanical properties characteristics other than strain such like stress, impact, tensile, elongation etc

Assessing the levels of traffic noise in selected Schools in Bandar Baru Bangi

Traffic noise during school hours can disrupt students’ learning focus especially in the classroom and can affect communication between teachers and students. This study was conducted to asses traffic noise levels for four selected schools along few main roads in Bandar Baru Bangi and analyse the data using the guideline recommended by the Malaysia Department of Environment (DOE). Data was collected using 01dB SOLO sound level meters using the decibel A-weighted (dBA) for LAeq , L10 , L50 , L90 , LAeqmax dan LAeqmin . The measurement was collected during the respective peak hour on school days which are 7.00am -9.00am for morning session, 12.00pm -2.00pm for noon and 5.00pm -7.00pm for evening session. The measured noise then analysed and compared with the recommended standards set by the DOE. From the measurement, it was found that traffic near the Greenview Islamic International School recorded up to 76.3dB(A) for LAeq, 110.3 dB(A) for LAmax , L10 = 78.4 dB(A) and L90 = 67.6 dB(A) during the period of 12.00pm to 1.00pm. All the measured traffic noise at the respective school also logged a high noise level for their LAeq measurement. In conclusion, the study showed that the traffic noise level pollution experience by the schools along the main roads in Bandar Baru Bangi district were alarming which are exceeding the recommendation from DOE. This finding can help policymakers and stakeholders used as reference in sense of noise pollution management for better acoustics comfort at school area

Modal Analysis Study On Aluminum 6061 Using Accelerometer And Piezoelectric Film Sensor

This study is conducted to determine vibration or modal parameters such as natural frequencies and mode shapes of aluminum 6061 (Al6061). If the component vibrates with frequency coherence with the natural frequency, resonance frequency will occur and structural failure might emerge. Modal analysis study is conducted by both simulation and experimental methods. Simulation is conducted via ANSYS software while impact hammer testing is done for experimental work to determine the vibration parameter. Two sensors are used, which are piezoelectric film and accelerometer. Hence, the results obtained from accelerometer showed that frequencies for mode shape 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 for rectangular shape are 272.00Hz, 521.33Hz, 913.00Hz, 1080.67Hz, 1437.33Hz and 1803.00Hz. The results obtained from piezoelectric film showed that frequencies for mode shape 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 for rectangular shape are 258.33Hz, 524.67Hz, 884.33Hz, 1141.67Hz, 1399.67Hz and 1752.33Hz. Finally, the results captured from simulation appeared that frequencies for mode shape 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 for rectangular shape are 291.72Hz, 647.63Hz, 841.42Hz, 1465.00Hz, 1554.00Hz and 1952.40H respectively. The results showed that low cost sensor which is piezoelectric film proved to be reliable in detecting the modal parameter

Novel Technique Of Modal Analysis For Light Structure Via Piezofilm Sensor: A Comparison Study

This study is conducted to determine the modal parameters namely natural frequencies and mode shapes of aluminum 6061 (Al6061). A light and small structure made from Al6061 is chosen as the experimental specimen mainly because of its wide application in industries such as automotive parts or accessories and robotic, mainly in manufacturing of automobile frames. If a component vibrates with a frequency that is coherent with the component’s natural frequency, resonance frequency will occur and structural failure might emerge. Two sensors i.e. piezoelectric film and accelerometer were used. The result obtained were ya = 329.60x – 142.27 (accelerometer) and yp = 304.98x + 15.18 (piezofilm). The relation between natural frequency of accelerometer and piezofilm for the triangle-shape specimen was ya = 1.08yp – 158.67 and can be concluded that the regression ratio of 1.08 was approximately 1.0 which agreed with the status of piezoelectric film sensor that can be used as an alternative sensor for accelerometer. There was a good results agreement between simulation and experimental work outcome

An Investigation On Light Structure Modal Parameter By Using Experimental Modal Analysis Method Via Piezofilm Sensor

This study is conducted to determine the modal parameters namely natural frequencies and mode shapes of aluminum 6061 (Al6061). The parameters are done by conducting a free dynamic vibration analysis. Modal analysis study was conducted by both simulation and experimental approaches. The simulation was conducted via ANSYS software while the experimental work was performed through impact hammer testing to determine the vibration parameter. Two sensors i.e. piezoelectric film and accelerometer were used. The result obtained were ya = 302.02x – 52.51 (accelerometer) and yp = 295.78x - 41.73 (piezofilm). ya (accelerometer) and yp (piezofilm) is linear equation of the data plotted according to the reading from mode shape versus natural frequency. The relation between natural frequency from accelerometer and piezofilm for the rectangular-shaped specimen was ya = 1.02yp – 9.90 and can be concluded that the regression ratio of 1.02 was approximately 1.0 which agreed with the status of piezoelectric film sensor that can be used as an alternative sensor for accelerometer. There was a good results agreement between simulation and experimental work outcome

Development Of Polymer Mechanical Properties Characteristics Using I-KAZ 4D Analysis Method.

This study was undertaken to develop an alternative method based on signal analysis known as I-kaz 4D or I-kaz 4 channels.The aim was to characterize several mechanical properties including Poisson Ratio (PR), Vickers Hardness (VH),Yield Strength (YS),Tensile Strength (TS),Compression Strength (CS) and Fatigue Strength (FS).Specimens used are Polyoxymethylene (POM), Polyvinylchloride (PVC) and Blue Nylon MC (MC Blue).Round bar shape specimens were impacted by steel ball from different heights,20 cm to 40 cm.This test was conducted at semi-anechoic room and follow ASTM E1876 standard accordingly.4 accelerometer sensors were placed on the specimen surface to capture vibration signal produced by ball impact.Transient signals which generated from ball impact were analysed using Matlab software based on mathematical model I-kaz 4D.As a result,a correlation was found between I-kaz linear coefficient and material mechanical properties.However the errors are within acceptable range for all specimens used.It was found that average errors for Poisson Ratio = 0.69%,Vickers Hardness = 2.12%, Yield Strength = 3.20%,Tensile Strength = 2.43%, Compression Strength = 2.75% and Fatigue Strength =2.02%. It has potentiality to be used for further analysis of the respective materials

Novel Technique Of Modal Analysis On Small Structure Using Piezoelectric Film Sensor And Accelerometer

Modal Analysis is a common practice to define parameters of structure under scientific view. Experimental Modal Analysis (EMA) is a well-known procedure to determine modal parameters. The usage of piezoelectric film sensor as viable and cost-saving device is indeed a need in this advance and sophisticated era. An experiment is conducted to determine modal parameters of aluminum 6061 (Al6061). Here, a free dynamic vibration analysis is conducted to obtain the parameters. Al6061 is chosen as the experiment component because of its wide application in manufacturing industries. Theoretically, if the component vibrates and produce frequency coherence with the natural frequency, resonance frequency will occur which can lead to structural failure. Modal analysis study is conducted by using both simulation and experimental methods. Simulation is conducted via ANSYS software while impact hammer testing is done for experimental work. Piezoelectric film and accelerometer are used as the sensor. The result obtained from simulation showed that frequencies for mode shape 1, 2 and 3 for square shape are 191.89Hz, 542.34Hz and 766.18Hz. The result gained from accelerometer showed that frequencies for mode shape 1, 2 and 3 for square shape are 195.00Hz, 557.00Hz and 865.00Hz. The result captured from piezoelectric film sensor appeared that frequencies for mode shape 1, 2 and 3 for square shape are 205.33Hz, 609.33Hz and 904.33Hz. The result obtained from simulation showed that frequencies for mode shape 1, 2 and 3 for circle shape were 134.60Hz, 324.73Hz and 727.52Hz. The result obtained from accelerometer showed that frequencies for mode shape 1, 2 and 3 for circle shape were 158.67Hz, 421.33Hz and 625.00Hz. Finally, the result captured from piezoelectric film sensor appeared that frequencies for mode shape 1, 2 and 3 for circle shape were 141.00Hz, 321.00Hz and 504.33Hz respectively. The equation of gradient for accelerometer and piezofilm is ya = 316.42x - 104.13 and yp = 309.63x - 43.20 respectively. Therefore, the relationship between the natural frequency of accelerometer and piezofilm for the square-shaped specimen is ya = 1.02yp - 59.98. The equation of gradient for accelerometer and piezofilm is ya = 270.55x - 134.82 and yp = 280.89x - 215.04 respectively. Therefore, the relation between the natural frequency of accelerometer and piezofilm for the circle-shaped specimen is ya = 0.96yp + 72.3. Both result showed the regression ratio of 1.02 and 0.96 which is approximately 1.0 and there was a good results agreement between simulation and experimental outcome

An Investigation Of Modal Analysis For Al6061 Between Piezoelectric Film Sensor And Accelerometer

An experiment was conducted to determine modal parameters such as natural frequencies and mode shapes of aluminum 6061 (Al6061). A free dynamic vibration analysis was conducted to obtain the parameters. Al6061 was chosen as the experiment component mainly because of its wide application in automotive industries. Theoretically, if the component vibrates and produce frequency coherence with the natural frequency, resonance frequency will occur which can lead to structural failure. Modal analysis study was conducted by using both simulation and experimental method to compare their outcome. Simulation was conducted via ANSYS software while impact hammer testing was done for experimental work to determine the vibration parameter. Piezoelectric film and accelerometer were used as the sensor. The result obtained from simulation showed that frequencies for mode shape 1, 2 and 3 for circle shape were 134.60Hz, 324.73Hz and 727.52Hz. The result obtained from accelerometer showed that frequencies for mode shape 1, 2 and 3 for circle shape were 158.67Hz, 421.33Hz and 625.00Hz. Finally, the result captured from piezoelectric film sensor appeared that frequencies for mode shape 1, 2 and 3 for circle shape were 141.00Hz, 321.00Hz and 504.33Hz. There was a good results agreement between simulation and experimental work outcome