Malaria As An Important Cause Of Maternal Mortality In Sudan

This study was performed to highlight the role of malaria in pregnancy as  an important cause  of maternal mortality. It reviewed the previous studies, conference presentations and postgraduate thesis . Malaria found to be the cause of death of 10.26% to 46.7% of MM. The 1998 to 2003 records of maternal deaths of Wad Medani Obstetrics and gynaecology  teaching hospital (WMOGTH) was retrospectively studies (malaria caused death of 8.82% to 39.7% The mean age was 27.57years , most of them were primigravidae and from rural areas.  37.8% of the deaths occured at 28-36 weak of gestation . The mean duration of stay in hospital was (3.22) days. 32.4% of deaths stayed for less than 24 hours This indicated  severe and serious clinical presentations. The main causes of death due to malaria or its complication  were anemae heart failure  (24.3%), cerebral malaria (21.6%) and  circulatory failure (8.1%). Others were pulmonary edema , hyperpyrexia  , puerperal psychosis , abortion , severe epistaxes , cardiac  arrest , black water fever, electrolyte imbalance, and hepatic failure. The study recommended effective prevention of malaria and an intensive care approach in its management

Malaria and Maternal Mortality In Gezira-Sudan

The objectives of this study include:(1) to identify the magnitude of malaria as a cause of maternal mortality (MM) (2) to study the demographic characteristics of MM cases caused by malaria and (3) to identify the actual cause of MM due to malaria. Methods: This is a six years hospital based retrospective review of hospital records of ladies died due to malaria in Wad Medani Teaching Hospital for Obstetrics and Gynaecology (WMTHOG), form1 January 1998 to 31 December 2003. Results: malaria caused 10% to 40% of MM per year. The mean age was 27.57 years, most of them were primigravidae and from rural areas. 37.8% of the deaths occurred between 28 and 36 weak of gestation. The median duration of stay in hospital was two days. However 32.4% of deaths stayed for less than 24 hours that indicated severe and serious clinical presentations. The main causes of death due to malaria or its complication were: anaemia (24.3), cerebral malaria (21.6%), circulatory failure (12.51 ) and renal failure (8.1%). Others were pulmonary oedema , hyperpyrexia  , puerperal psychosis , abortion , severe epistaxis , cardiac  arrest , black water fever, electrolyte imbalance, and hepatic failure. The study recommended effective prevention of malaria and an intensive care approach in its management

ACCREDITATION OF THE FACULTY OF MEDICINE UNIVERSITY OF GEZIRA (FMUG), PILOT STUDY

The Faculty of Medicine University of Khartoum was founded in 1924 and has graduated the majority of doctors in the Sudan. In recent years the government invested heavily in higher education and 26 new medical schools have been established and are now functioning and graduating doctors. Those new schools adopted different models of curricula, however most of them benefited from the Gezira medical school experience and hence their curricula are innovative. The large number of schools and the diversity in their curricular models fueled interest in the Sudan General Medical Council and the Ministry of Higher Education to establish a national mechanism for evaluating those schools and ensuring the society that they graduate doctors with optimum standard

Reverse Transcription Recombinase Polymerase Amplification Assay for Rapid Detection of Avian Influenza Virus H9N2 HA Gene

The H9N2 subtype of avian influenza A virus (aIAV) is circulating among birds worldwide, leading to severe economic losses. H9N2 cocirculation with other highly pathogenic aIAVs has the potential to contribute to the rise of new strains with pandemic potential. Therefore, rapid detection of H9 aIAVs infection is crucial to control virus spread. A qualitative reverse transcription recombinase polymerase amplification (RT-RPA) assay for the detection of aIAV subtype H9N2 was developed. All results were compared to the gold standard (real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)). The RT-RPA assay was designed to detect the hemagglutinin (HA) gene of H9N2 by testing three pairs of primers and a probe. A serial concentration between 106 and 100 EID50 (50% embryo infective dose)/mL was applied to calculate the analytical sensitivity. The H9 RT-RPA assay was highly sensitive as the lowest concentration point of a standard range at one EID50/mL was detected after 5 to 8 min. The H9N2 RT-RPA assay was highly specific as nucleic acid extracted from H9 negative samples and from other avian pathogens were not cross detected. The diagnostic sensitivity when testing clinical samples was 100% for RT-RPA and RT-PCR. In conclusion, H9N2 RT-RPA is a rapid sensitive and specific assay that easily operable in a portable device for field diagnosis of aIAV H9N2

Curriculum Development of the Faculties of the Health and Agricultural Sectors University of Gezira 15.12.2011 to 15.6.2012

The University of Gezira adopts nobel goals, community orientation and community development- and it set curricula capable of achieving those goals which are essential for sustainability of its excellence. Periodic development, upgrading and modernization of curricula is a fundamental requirement for all universities; knowledge is growing and changing very fast, also there are rapid changes in community needs and expectations and hence  graduates should be equipped with competencies which enable them to contribute significantly and efficiently in the total development of their societies. The University has a wealth of experience in development of its curricula since its foundation and hence it included it as one of the main four components of the University Development Project. The project is sponsored by the Islamic Bank for Development-Jeddah and the Ministry of Finance Sudan and has been launched in December 2011. The Project aimed to develop the Faculties of agricultural and health sectors- curricula, manpower and infrastructure. Those sectors were chosen to be sectors of excellence for students in the Islamic countries. The Vice Chancellor of the University of Gezira formed a committee to manage the whole task of development of all the curricula of the faculties in the health and agricultural sectors; Medicine, Medical Laboratory Sciences, Animal Production, Veterinary Medicine, Applied Medical Sciences, Dentistry, Pharmacy, Health and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural Sciences. The committee set the justifications, determined its strategies and designed the process of its work. The whole task was accomplished in the stipulated time - 4 months

STUDENTS ASSESSMENT IN THE FACULTY OF MEDICINE UNIVERSITY OF GEZIRA

This is a description of (i) 15 methods of evaluation used in the assessment of students (ii) criteria used for selection of those methods (objectives domains, validity, reliability, practicability objectivity)(iii) the absolute criteria tests based on a pre-set MPL (iv) methods of evaluation of the evaluation methods (discriminating index and difficulty index (v) methods of evaluation used in each course in FMUG.  The methods of evaluation used are (I) MCQs (2) essay (3) clinical/oral (4) OSCE (5) practical exam (6) log book (7) write-up (8) attendance (9) performance (10) students product report (11) family problem (12) reports from rural hospital doctors (13) supervisory checklist, (14) peer evaluation, (15) community feedbac

Protective efficacy of combined trivalent inactivated ISA 71 oil adjuvant vaccine against avian influenza virus subtypes (H9N2 and H5N1) and Newcastle disease virus

Aim: The objective of the present study was to prepare a trivalent inactivated vaccine of Newcastle disease virus (NDV), H5N1, and H9N2 viruses. Materials and Methods: Three monovalent and a trivalent vaccines were prepared by emulsifying inactivated NDV (LaSota strain), reassortant H5N1, and H9N2 viruses with Montanide ISA 71 oil adjuvant. Parameters used for evaluation of the efficacy of the prepared vaccines in specific pathogen-free chickens were cellular immunity assays (blastogenesis, interferon gamma, interleukin 1 [IL1], and IL6), humoral immunity by hemagglutination inhibition, protection percentage, and shedding. Results: A single immunization with trivalent vaccine-enhanced cell-mediated immunity as well as humoral immune response with 90% protection against challenges with highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 and low pathogenic (LP) avian influenza H9N2 viruses with 100% protection after challenge with NDV. Conclusion: Development and evaluation of the trivalent vaccine in the study reported the success in preparation of a potent and efficacious trivalent vaccine which is a promising approach for controlling HPAI H5N1, LP H9N2, and ND viral infections

Seroprevalence and risk factors of caprine brucellosis in Khartoum state, Sudan

Aim: This cross-sectional study was conducted from April to July 2012 in Khartoum state, Sudan, to determine the seroprevalence of brucellosis in goats and to investigate potential risk factors associated with this disease. Materials and Methods: A total of 307 serum samples were collected from both sexes of goats in four different localities and were subjected to testing for brucellosis using rose bengal plate test (RBPT), serum agglutination test (SAT), and competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA). Results: The overall seroprevalence was 11.4% (n=35) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) ranging from 7.80 to 15.0. Out of these 35 RBPT-positive samples, the positivity of 18 and 17 were confirmed by SAT and cELISA, respectively. A significant statistical variation was observed between brucellosis seroprevalences in goats purchased from local animal markets and goats that were raised at the farm. Conversely, such significant variations were not observed among the categories of other risk factors with seroprevalences ranging from 3.0% (95% CI between 0.40 and 7.20) to 16.3% (95% CI between 10.4 and 22.3). Location (χ2=9.33, df=3, p=0.02), breed (χ2=3.52, df=1, p=0.05), herd size (χ2=6.59, df=2, p=0.03), and herd expansion (χ2=5.39, df=1, p=0.02) were associated with RBPT-positive status for brucella in the two-tailed Chi-square test. In addition, Sharq an-Nil locality and goats raised at the farm had increased odds of being RBPT positive. Conclusion: Brucellosis was detected in goats in all surveyed localities. An effort should be made to educate goat owners/herders about brucellosis as well as about the importance of vaccination