Ballistic transport in organic semiconductor devices: modeling and characterization

Recent years have been rapid acceleration in the research and development of organic semiconductor transistors as key components for innovative nanoelectronic devices. The understanding of the unique properties that characterize these potentially high-performance materials holds great promise filling niches not occupied by inorganic devices. The research aim to develop a fundamental-based modeling organic semiconductor field-effect transistors in accordance to the ballistics carrier transport phenomenon. The organic transistor was designed and simulated using Sentaurus TCAD tools and parameter extractions were carried-out using MATLAB. Hoping transport model was used in the simulation. Output and transfer characteristics were obtained to estimate on effects of contact resistance and mobility in organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) in vary temperature range. In the linear region, the model of contact resistance is taken account into the extraction of modified mobility. The modified mobility obtained higher than the common linear mobility, which reflects the ballistics transport. Moreover, a method to estimate the effects of Meyer-Neldel Rule (MNR) for charge transport mobility was investigated at varies temperature range and the mobility is to be found thermally activated with activation energies

Settlement analysis of prefabricated vertical drain by finite element analysis for treated road embankment

Prefabricated vertical drains with incorporated with preloading has been used widely as a ground improvement technique in geotechnical engineering. Prefabricated vertical drains would be essential to speed up the settlement of subsoil in embankment and soft ground construction. The prediction in the embankment settlement is a critically important issue for serviceability of road, especially the pre-construction settlement. In this study, Finite Element Analysis was done for analysing viability of PVD modelling in subsoil using Plaxis 2D 2016 software. Asaoka’s method were used to analyse the field monitoring data that was gathered at a location of an embankments. This method is used to determine ultimate settlement and back calculated coefficient for the horizontal consolidation at a certain location of the embankments. The settlement prediction and the actual measurement at a case study in terms of time to reach 90% consolidation were compared with the field instrumentation results in order to verify the design approach used. Subsequently, the effect of smear disturbance was considered in the parametric study. Various equivalent diameter of influence zone of the PVD are simulated in the modelling of embankment to study the effect of consolidation degree to the drain spacing. Based on the performed analysis, the installation of PVD is proved to improve the rate of settlement and the dissipation of pore water pressures. The rate of settlement decreases as the smear disturbance and drain spacing increase. Modelling of PVD with smear ratio kh/ks of 6.0 and drain spacing of 1.0 m shows good agreement with the field measurement

Geographic Information System for Labuan Island

This project revolves around the construction of Geographic Information System for Labuan Island. The area of interest is focused on the data available for Labuan Island for be combined in a single software system. Software used in this project is ArcGIS 9.3 which includes ArcMap and ArcCatalog. Conventional map data available nowadays are all spread out and in different format thus making data gathering for decision making somewhat difficult. The map data can be lost or damaged as it is usually kept in paper format. There are also difficulties of comparing information covering the same geographic region, but on two different sources. Typically mapping data collected fur, say, climate could not be compared directly with, say, soil mapping because they are reproduced at different scales and projections. The scope of study basically covers four main phases starting from the literature review, data gathering, constructing ArcMap for Labuan Island and finally published the completed data compilation for users. The methodology of this project shows how the steps need to be taken in order to construct a geographic information system for desired area. The end product consists of five layers of different data with aerial map data taken from ArcGIS explorer as base map layer for Labuan Island GIS

Batu Puteh Island (Pedra Branca): lessons on sovereignty of a country

This paper deliberates on the issues of Batu Puteh Island (Pedra Branca) in relation to the sovereignty of a country and its implications in the future. Trailing of a territory will challenge the sovereignty of a country and is an affront to them. Sovereignty is a representation of power to countries worldwide. The corresponding letter by the Acting Secretary of Johor dated 21st September 1953 stated that Johor does not claim ownership of Pedra Branca. The letter was seen by the International Court of Justice (ICJ) as a sign that Johor had handed over its sovereignty on Batu Puteh Island over to the British. Therefore, the court concluded that the letter clearly indicates that since 1953, Johor has declared that it no longer had sovereignty over Pedra Branca. Various questions arise regarding the letter. Where is the sovereign and authority of the Sultan of Johor who reigned over Johor and its territories? Can an Acting Secretary of State rightfully involve on matters of land, territorial and sovereignty of the state? Or, should it be definite by the Sultan as head of a state? These are some of the questions that are yet to be answered and records are vital. It will determine the future and direct a right direction of a country regarding its sovereignty. Learn from history, learn from the administrative weaknesses and individual mistakes, and remember that history repeats itself in the future. Mistakes cost a country and the people an island which was originally theirs for centuries. Of absent mindedness led them in losing the island’s sovereignty to other country. Everyone knows that the island belongs to Johor with all related documents are complete and history has proven it. Hence, it is important to be careful when making any decisions or be sorry for life

Selection factor to bid or not to bid for extra low voltage system (ELV) project

Improper selection of Extra Low Voltage (ELV) projects by contractors might lead to many problems including underestimating cost of the project, lack of experience and bad quality of work. ELV system requires in-depth knowledge of technologies and a strong team of domain experts, who design, integrate and deliver Integrated ELV Systems that meet diverse needs. Therefore, the objectives of this study are to determine the factors of selecting an ELV Project by contractors, determine problems associated with current practice of project selection and to establish solutions that could improve future ELV projects selection. The methodology of this study will be divided into two stages which is primary data and secondary data. Secondary data will be collected by literature review by focusing on writing related materials and primary data will be collected by distributing a number of questionnaires that will determine later to selected respondents within company undertaking ELV projects. The collected data will then be analyzed using frequency distribution and average index method. The results of the study show resource pricing continuity of work/possible future project and return of investment is the most critical factors; meanwhile cost overrun, losing tender and defective works are among common problems that occurs with the current selection process; and submit the bid early, understand the client well and to sell on value are among the solutions with regard to ELV project selection criteria. The improvement will enhance business strategy for ELV contractors in project selection and future planning

Pengkomersialan tanaman kelapa di Selangor sebelum tahun 1940

Tempoh separuh pertama abad ke-20 menyaksikan kemunculan dan perkembangan tanaman kelapa di Selangor sebagai sektor pertanian berorientasikan eksport. Selangor merupakan antara negeri yang begitu produktif dengan hasil kelapa dan menjadi penyumbang kepada kuantiti eksport kelapa di Tanah Melayu. Menjelang penghujung abad ke-19, hasil kelapa semakin mendapat permintaan yang menggalakkan di pasaran antarabangsa apabila negara-negara Eropah mula beralih kepada penggunaan kelapa sebagai bahan mentah untuk industri pembuatan dan makanan. Melihat kepada potensi tanaman kelapa sebagai komoditi eksport yang mempunyai nilai ekonomi menyebabkan usaha untuk mengkomersialkan penanamannya mula diberi perhatian khusus oleh pihak British. Justeru kajian ini bertujuan mengkaji strategi pengkomersialan tanaman kelapa di Selangor dan menganalisis implikasinya kepada perkembangan sektor penanaman kelapa sebelum tahun 1940. Bagi menjelaskan persoalan tersebut, kajian ini menggunakan kaedah kualitatif dan kajian perpustakaan dengan merujuk kepada Fail Setiausaha Kerajaan Selangor, Laporan Tahunan Negeri Selangor dan rekod-rekod Jabatan Pertanian. Hasil perbincangan menunjukkan strategi khusus melibatkan aspek tadbir urus, perundangan dan hak pemilikan tanah yang dilaksanakan untuk mengkomersialkan tanaman kelapa telah mengubah corak perkembangan sektor penanaman kelapa daripada tanaman makanan kepada sektor pertanian komersial yang menghasilkan komoditi eksport. Pengeluaran tanaman kelapa secara besar-besaran telah membawa kepada kemunculan industri berasaskan kelapa yang menghasilkan produk seperti minyak kelapa dan kelapa kering untuk dieksport sebagai bahan mentah bagi memenuhi permintaan di pasaran antarabangsa

N-Channel organic thin-film transistors based on naphthalene- bis(dicarboximide) polymer for organic transistor memory using hole-acceptor layer

An investigation of threshold voltage shifts in organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) based on poly{[N,N″-bis(2-octyldodecyl)-naphthalene-1, 4,5,8-bis(dicarboximide)-2,6-diyl]-alt-5,5″-(2,20-bithiophene)} [P(NDI2OD-T2)] with additional poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) films on a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) organic dielectric layer is reported. With a top source-drain contact structure, the device exhibited a unipolar property with n-channel characteristics similar to those of the P(NDI2OD-T2)-only device. Furthermore, the existence of P3HT films as hole acceptor-like storage layers resulted in reversible V th shift upon the application of external gate bias (V bias) for a certain bias time (T bias). Hence, the P(NDI2ODT2)/ P3HT-OTFTs exhibited a large memory window (δV th = 10.7 V) for write and erase electrically without major degradation in saturation mobility [μ sat = (1.8-2.8) × 10 ¯� cm 2 V ¯¹ s ¯¹]. These results clearly indicate the utility of the naphthalene-bis(dicarboximide) (NDI)-based polymer-hole acceptor layer in the development of n-channel organic transistor memories

Vibration Energy Regeneration System Using Piezoelectric Sensor for Wideband Application

This paper presents a method for widening bandwidth by using non-uniform mass which use the concept of center of gravity. Piezoelectric acts as a tool to convert vibration energy to electrical energy. The displacement from the liquid movement plays a role to enhance the bandwidth as the beam bends. The bandwidth is widened 2 times higher compared without tip mass and 1.6 times increased than that of solid tip-mass. High viscosity and density will give a greater effect on the bandwidth at low volume compared to low properties of fluid. Rectangular container can resist the tension of liquid due to high viscosity and volume. The fluid-filled mass technique widened the bandwidth without reducing the harvested power

The concept of leadership and constitution of a country from the Islamic and Malay archipelago perspectives according to Taj Al Salatin manuscript

The concept of leadership has been present eversince the dawn of time, with scholars steering broad studies from various directions and viewpoints, which were then formed into literary works. In the Malay Archipelago, Taj al-Salatin manuscript (1603M) is extensively recognised as a masterwork that emphasised leadership qualities from the Islamic viewpoint. This study was conducted to recognise the author’s notions on Islamic leadership in the context of Malay Archipelago, using descriptive method by analysing the manuscript. The results revealed that leaders and leadership are deliberated, as a decree from Allah SWT. Good rulers must be competent, with higher knowledge and morals than their followers. Taj al-Salatin presents the indication that rulers should exercise Tasawwuf, which among its practises take account of unceasing self reminder of death, rejecting desires and lust, and prioritising remembrance of Allah. In his manuscript, Bukhari al-Jauhari presents the idea, optimism and the notion of “rulers are perfect beings”, which personifies the concept of Tauhid and espouses noble character for universal civilisation. A ruler of a country should at all times stand on the grounds of good moral standards and the people are led towards generating a peaceful, thriving and blissful nation

Geographic Information System for Labuan Island

This project revolves around the construction of Geographic Information System for Labuan Island. The area of interest is focused on the data available for Labuan Island for be combined in a single software system. Software used in this project is ArcGIS 9.3 which includes ArcMap and ArcCatalog. Conventional map data available nowadays are all spread out and in different format thus making data gathering for decision making somewhat difficult. The map data can be lost or damaged as it is usually kept in paper format. There are also difficulties of comparing information covering the same geographic region, but on two different sources. Typically mapping data collected fur, say, climate could not be compared directly with, say, soil mapping because they are reproduced at different scales and projections. The scope of study basically covers four main phases starting from the literature review, data gathering, constructing ArcMap for Labuan Island and finally published the completed data compilation for users. The methodology of this project shows how the steps need to be taken in order to construct a geographic information system for desired area. The end product consists of five layers of different data with aerial map data taken from ArcGIS explorer as base map layer for Labuan Island GIS