Debris Marin : punca dan penyelesaian

Buku ini mengupas isu berkaitan sampah yang bertaburan di pantai. Perbincangan yang dibuat adalah berdasarkan aktiviti dokumentasi sampah di sekitar pantai di Sarawak pada tahun 2008 dan 2010. Antara lain, ia bertujuan untuk membantu para pembaca memahami masalah di sebalik keadaan itu dan apa yang boleh dilakukan bersama untuk mengurangkan keadaan sampah yang semakin berleluasa di pantai. Diharapkan buku ini dapat meningkatkan lagi kefahaman pelbagai lapisan masyarakat Malaysia tentang isu yang begitu signifikan dalam kehidupan mereka

Type and Quantity of Shipborne Garbage at Selected Tropical Beaches

Marine debris is widely distributed at the coastal area of the global oceans; however, shipborne garbage source studies are still lacking to document the pollution in Malaysia Territorial Water. Thus, this study has adopted a standard method of beach marine debris survey at five beaches and inspected 115 vessels to assess the type and amount of debris from shipping source stranded on the beach. This study found that vessel visiting Malaysian ports observed the MARPOL 73/78 Annex V requirements; however, identified objects from shipping activity (1.3%; 2 items/km) found on the beaches indicate that there are vessels disposing of garbage illegally at sea. Therefore, there is a need to promote the use of biodegradable material and introduce environmental education to increase awareness on the vessel

Management Of Shipborne Garbage In Compliance To Marpol 73/78 Annex V

The large number of vessels en route within Malaysia Territorial Water through Malacca Straits has introduced pressures on the marine environment, particularly from shipborne garbage. Thus, this study adopted a standard method of beach marine debris survey and shipborne garbage survey to assess the types, amount, categories and sources of debris at five public beaches during monsoon seasons and 115 vessels were selected en route through Malacca Straits at five ports in Malaysia. The mean total beach debris item collected was 961 item/km and categorized during marine debris surveys between October 2012 and August 2014. Debris accumulation was more abundant during SWM, while, plastic category (88.48%) dominating debris items collected at this study. As for shipborne garbage survey, the mean total shipborne garbage item and weight collected was 182 item/vessel and categorized on the vessels between October 2012 and October 2014. Shipborne garbage abundance is influenced by number of crews, vessels’ gross tonnage and ship type. This study found, vessel visiting Malaysian ports observed the MARPOL 73/78 Annex V requirements, however, identified objects from shipping activity (1.3%; 2 items/km) found on the beaches indicates there are vessels discharging garbage illegally at sea. Therefore, promulgating awareness and educate the general public on pathway of marine debris needs to be collaborated with public participation to instill consciousness through environmental education. This effort may be small but the impact as a result of this action will reduce the amount waste dispose of at sea tremendously

Marine debris on selected public beaches in Kuching, Bintulu and Miri, Sarawak

Sarawak being the largest state in Malaysia with approximately 800 kilometers of coastline facing the South China Sea stretching from Tg. Dato, Sematan to Merapok, Lawas, represents a complex and dynamic systems both in terms of human activities and in terms of their biophysical conditions. However some beaches in Sarawak are suffering serious pollution due to either natural cause or human impact. Approximately one kilometer stretch has been survey and identify of marine debris landed on shoreline at four public beaches namely Pandan beach (Lundu), Pasir Pandak (Santubong), Tg. Batu beach (Bintulu) and Tg. Lobang (Mini) In this study, interviews have been conducted with local authorities and 32 individual questionnaires has been administered. A total of 7,199 items or 1,800 items/km of survey site was collected from the 4 km surveyed in this study and weighed at 304 kg or 76 kg/km. Pasir Pandak (3,356 items/km or 153 kg/km) received substantially greater quantities of debris compare to Pandan, Tg. Lobang and Tg. Batu beaches. The most numerous items on all four study sites were those made of plastic and paper where 72.47 percent of marine debris originated from Malaysia. Respondents were satisfied with the beach environment (61.8%) and 85.3 percent respondents were willing to be involved in beach clean-up exercise suggesting that most people acknowledge the problems of rubbish on beaches and they were willing to make contribution to maintain the level of cleanliness. Overall respondents were more concerned on the public facilities rather then the beach environment and cleanliness. The data obtained in this study were considered as preliminary data and limited to only four theses beaches. They were just 'snap-shots' of marine debris problems in those selected study sites. It is necessary to continue this study in future in order to make recommendation for strategies in marine debris management

Management if marine debris from ships in compliance to MARPOL 73/78 Annex V

Marine debris is widely distributed at the ocean surface and coastal area, but their specific sources, quantities and distribution remain uncertain. Although, studies have been conducted to estimate the quantity of debris along the Malaysian beaches, marine sources especially from the shipborne garbage was not extensive. In addition, the large number of vessels using Malacca Straits as an important trading route may produce pressure on the marine environment, particularly garbage accumulated on the vessels navigating within Malaysian Territorial Water. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate marine debris abundance in Malaysia marine environment from shipborne garbage source. This study adopted a standard method of beach marine debris survey and shipborne garbage survey to assess the types, amount, categories and sources of debris on eight public beaches and five ports in Malaysia. Beach marine debris study was conducted during the northeast monsoon (NEM), southwest monsoon (SWM) and intermediate monsoon (IM) seasons at Pandan, Pasir Pandak, Temasyah, Tg. Lobang, Tg. Aru, Kosuhoi, Saujana and Batu Rakit beaches. A total of 46,141 items (961 item/km) weighing 2,120 kg (44.2 kg/km) were collected and categorized during six surveys conducted at the beaches between October 2012 and August 2014. Debris accumulation was more abundant during SWM, while, plastic category (88.48%) dominating debris items collected at this study. Debris abundance stranded on the beaches can be attributed to urban proximity. As for shipborne garbage survey, 115 vessels were selected at Kuching (25 vessels), Bintulu (20 vessels), Kota Kinabalu (20 vessels), Sandakan (14 vessels) and Klang (36 vessels) ports en route through Malacca Straits. A total of 20,895 items (182 item/vessel) weighing at 6,316.1 kg (54.9 kg/vessel) were collected and categorized during surveys conducted on the vessels between October 2012 and October 2014. Sandakan port accumulated the highest mean shipborne garbage item (SGI) at 197 item/vessel, whereas, Kota Kinabalu port accumulated the highest mean shipborne garbage weight (SGW) at 64.0 kg/vessel. Shipborne garbage abundance is influenced by number of crews and vessels’ gross tonnage. As for shipborne garbage accumulation according to ship type, bulk carrier vessels accumulated the highest mean SGI (212 item/vessel) and SGW (63.8 kg/vessel). The low percentage of vessels equipped with garbage processing equipment (33.33%), may resulting the high percentage of plastic category (63.75%) ending in the marine environment. Although, many factors contributed to the marine debris abundance, human-generated debris was found to be the major source of the marine debris problem in this study. The presence of debris items associated with shipping activities found on the beaches indicated not all vessels comply with the new revised Annex V of the MARPOL 73/78. Therefore, promulgating awareness and educate the general public on pathway of marine debris needs to be collaborated with public participation to instill consciousness through environmental education. In addition, comprehensive and long-term monitoring along Malaysian coastline is paramount to identifying marine debris point source. Thus, specifying and implementing strategic solution besides determining priorities to ensure total eradication of illegal discharge at sea and understanding marine debris abundance relationship against dynamic climate conditions. This effort may be small but the impact as a result of this action will reduce the amount waste dispose of at sea tremendously

Type and Quantity of Shipborne Garbage at Selected Tropical Beaches

Marine debris is widely distributed at the coastal area of the global oceans; however, shipborne garbage source studies are still lacking to document the pollution in Malaysia TerritorialWater.Thus, this study has adopted a standard method of beach marine debris survey at five beaches and inspected 115 vessels to assess the type and amount of debris from shipping source stranded on the beach.This study found that vessel visitingMalaysian ports observed theMARPOL 73/78 Annex V requirements; however, identified objects fromshipping activity (1.3%; 2 items/km) found on the beaches indicate that there are vessels disposing of garbage illegally at sea. Therefore, there is a need to promote the use of biodegradable material and introduce environmental education to increase awareness on the vessel

MARINE DEBRIS ON SELECTED PUBLIC BEACHES IN MALAYSIA DURING DIFFERENT MONSOON SEASONS

Abstract: Marine debris including persistent plastics are widely distributed at the surface and coastal area of the global oceans, but many uncertainties remain about their specific sources, quantities and distribution. Although awareness of the plastic pollution problem has grown in Malaysia, comprehensive studies have not been extensive to document its pollution. This study was designed to assess the amount and distribution of marine debris on eight sandy public beaches in Malaysia. A standard method of beach marine debris survey has been adopted in this study to assess the type and amount of debris on a 1 km section of each beach during the northeast monsoon (NEM), southwest monsoon (SWM) and intermediate monsoon (IM) seasons. Marine debris items were collected and categorized during surveys of the beaches in October/November 2012, May 2013 and July/August 2013. A total of 17,299 items of debris weighing 863 kilograms were collected during the survey period. Kosuhoi (1,205 item/km or 57 kg/km), Tg. Aru (1,077 item/km or 47 kg/km) and Batu Rakit (761 item/km or 39 kg/km) received substantially greater quantities of debris compared to Saujana (684 item/km or 36 kg/km), Pasir Pandak (653 item/km or 27 kg/km), Temasyah (501 item/km or 33 kg/km), Pandan (453 item/km or 27 kg/km) and Tg. Lobang (433 item/km or 23 kg/km) beaches. Plastic category items were the most numerous amounting to 15,080 items (87.17%) followed by timber, rubber, metal, glass and cloth categories contributed 2,219 items (12.83%) in total debris item. Clear plastic bottles and fragments of plastic objects were the most abundant objects collected which contributed 4,706 items (27.20%) from the total item collected in this study. Objects associated directly with marine source were 20.46% whereas those from terrestrial and common sources amounted to 24.52% and 55.02% respectively. Debris was more abundant during SWM (7,383 items) compared to NEM (6,519 items) and IM (3,397 items) seasons

Seasonal trends in abundance and composition of marine debris in selected public beaches in Peninsular Malaysia

The abundance and composition of marine debris were investigated at Saujana (in the state of Negeri Sembilan) and Batu Rakit (in the state of Terengganu) beaches during surveys conducted in December 2012 (northeast monsoon), May 2013 (intermediate monsoon) and July 2013 (southwest monsoon). A total of 4,682 items of debris weighing 231.4 kg were collected and sorted. Batu Rakit received substantially greater quantities of debris (815±717 items/km or 40.4±13.0 kg/km) compared to Saujana (745±444 items/km or 36.7±18.0 kg/km). Total debris item was more abundant during the southwest monsoon (SWM) (1,122±737 items/km) compared to the northeast monsoon (NEM) (825±593 items/ km) and the intermediate monsoon (IM) (394±4 items/km) seasons. Plastic category (88%) was the most numerous items collected and object items contributed 44.18% includes packaging, plastic fragments, cups, plastic shopping bags, plastic food wrapper, clear plastic bottles from the total debris items collected. Object items associated with common source (47%) were the highest debris accumulated, followed by terrestrial (30%) and marine (23%) sources. The high percentage of common and terrestrial sources during SWM season requires immediate action by marine environment stakeholders to develop and introduce strategies to reduce if not totally eliminates the marine debris in the marine environment. Awareness should be continued and focused on beach users and vessels' crew to alert them on the alarming accumulation rate of marine debris and its pathways into the marine environment

Type and Quantity Of Marine Debris At Selected Public Beaches In Sabah (Tg. Aru & Kosuhoi) During Different Monsoon Seasons

Marine debris is widely distributed at the coastal area of the global oceans, but their specific sources, quantities and distribution remains inconclusive. Although the threat from marine debris pollution has beginning to be recognized in Malaysia, comprehensive studies are still lacking to document the pollution. This study adopted a standard method of beach marine debris survey to assess the type, amount and sources of debris on a one kilometer section in Tg. Aru and Kosuhoi beaches, Sabah, during surveys in December 2012 (northeast monsoon, NEM), May 2013 (intermediate monsoon, IM) and July 2013 (southwest monsoon, SWM). The mean total debris items was 1,220±532 item/km and weighing at 52.8±17.2 kg/km, where, Kosuhoi beach (1,241 item/km or 57 kg/km) received substantially greater quantities of debris compared to Tg. Aru beach (1,199 item/km or 48 kg/km). Total debris item was more abundant during SWM (1,789 item/km) compared to NEM (1,139 item/km) and IM (733 item/km) seasons. Plastic category items were the most numerous amounting to 1,057 item/km (86.64%) in total debris item. Clear plastic bottles, food wrappers, plastic fragments, coloured plastic bottles and cups were the most abundant objects collected which they contributed 606 item/km (49.69%) from the total item collected. The main source of debris items abundance was from common source which contributed 52% from the total debris items, whereas, those from terrestrial and marine sources contributed 32% and 16% respectively. The high percentage of terrestrial and common sources debris requires marine environment stakeholders to diversify their approach and priority in mitigating this alarming result especially during SWM period. Awareness program is an effective preventive measure that should be continued and intensified. However, the program should focus on target group to ensure the awareness effectiveness to reduce if not totally eliminate the debris in the marine environment