Ameliorating the effect of Zingiber officinale (ginger) hydroethanolic extract on scopolamine-induced memory impairment in adult male rats

Background and aims: The spice Zingiber officinale or ginger possesses antioxidant and neuroprotective effects. In this study we hypothesized that treatment with hydroethanolic extract of ginger (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg, p.o) would have an effect on the scopolamine-induced memory impairment in rats. Methods: In this experimental study, 64 male Wistar rats were divided into eight groups (8 rats in each group): normal saline, scopolamine (1 mg/kg), ginger extract (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg), or scopolamine (1 mg/kg) plus ginger extract (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg). Memory impairment was induced with a single injection of scopolamine (1 mg/kg, i.p). Cognitive functions were evaluated using passive avoidance learning (PAL) task. Retention test was carried out 24 hours after training, and the latency of entering the dark compartment step-through latency (STL) and the total time in the dark compartment (TDC) were recorded. All statistical analysis was carried out at 5% level of significance using SPSS version 21. The data were analyzed by ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test. Results: The time latency in scopolamine-treated group was lower than control (p<0.001). Treatment of the animals by 100 and 200 mg/kg of ginger extract before the training trial increased the time latency at 24 h after the training trial (p<0.01). Also, administration of extract at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg in scopolamine received groups before retention trials, increased the time latency than the scopolamine only treated groups (p<0.001). Conclusion: The results revealed that the ginger hydroethanolic extract attenuated scopolamine-induced memory impairment

The protective effect of hydro-alcoholic extract of mangrove (Avicennia marina L.) leaves on kidney injury induced by carbon tetrachloride in male rats

Background: Materials can cause liver and kidney damage which carbon tetrachloride is one of these substances. Medicinal plants and their essential oils and extracts have been used to a large extent as drugs to better control and management of kidney diseases. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of hydro-alcoholic extract of Avicennia marina leaves in the treatment of renal toxicity induced by carbon tetrachloride. Methods: Forty-two male rats were randomly divided into 6 groups (n = 7): control (taking normal saline, 0.5 ml/day, intraperitoneally; i.p.), sham (taking olive oil, 0.5 ml/day, i.p., single dose), injury induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) 1:1 with olive oil, 0.5 ml single dose, i.p.), treated groups 1, 2 and 3: by carbon tetrachloride 1:1 with olive oil, 0.5 ml single dose and 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg or 800 mg/kg Avicennia marina extract (AME)/ day for 96 hours, i.p.). By direct blood sampling from the heart, the plasma concentrations of lactate dehydrogenase, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine and liver enzymes including aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were measured. Kidney sections were prepared from all groups and the histological examinations were performed. The results were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results: The results indicated the significant (P < 0.05) increase of serum level of lactate dehydrogenase and liver enzymes of AST, ALT and ALP in the group receiving CCl4 compared with the control group, whereas the treatment with hydro-alcoholic extract of mangrove leaves caused a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in serum levels of these enzymes in rats treated with carbon tetrachloride compared to the control group. Histological investigation of renal tissue sections showed that the treatment with mangrove leaves extract reduced the necrosis, inflammation and also improved the renal tubules. Conclusions: Carbon tetrachloride has kidney, liver and cardiac toxicities and mangrove extract is able to inhibit the toxicities of carbon tetrachloride. © 2016 The Author(s)

Hypoglycemic effect of Satureja montanum L. hydroethanolic extract on diabetic rats

ntroduction: Diabetes is one of the most prevalent metabolic disorders which is associated withseveral complications in different organs. Nowadays, medicinal herbs are being widely used totreat diseases. This study was conducted to study the hypoglycemic effect of Satureja montanum&nbsp;in diabetic male rats.Methods: In this study 42 male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to 7 equal groups includingcontrol, diabetic control, treatments 1, 2, and 3, metformin-treated diabetic, and healthytreated with Satureja montanum. To &nbsp;induce diabetes streptozotocin (STZ) at 60 mg/kg wasintraperitoneally (ip) administered. The animals were treated daily with Satureja montanumextract (ip) for one week and their blood glucose was measured daily.Results: Satureja montanum extract could significantly decrease blood glucose. The greatest effectof the extract was seen on day 8 at 800 mg/kg (P &lt; 0.001). Satureja montanum extract caused asignificant increase in serum insulin compared to the control group (P &lt; 0. 001).Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that Satureja montanum hydroethanolic extractis able to significantly decrease blood glucose of diabetic rats possibly with a stimulatory effect onbeta cells

The Effect of Hydro-alcoholic Extract of Hyperricum PerforatumL. on Some Blood Parameters in Male Rats Treated with Cyclophosphamide

Background & aim: Cyclophosphamide is an anti cancer drug which causes alkylation of DNA in cells. The side effects of cyclophosphamide are bone marrow damages and anemia. Hypericum perforatum is a medicinal plant which widely used in traditional medicine. In this study the hemotopoetic effect of Hypericum perforatum leaf extract (HPE) on bone marrow function and blood parameters in male rat were treated with cyclophosphamide was investigated. Methods: Forty two male Wistar rats with an average body weight of 220&plusmn;25 gr were randomly divided into 6 groups (n=7): control group taking normal saline,0.5ml/day, i,p ),witness group taking cyclophosphamide (15mg/kg/day, i.p.), positive control group taking HPE (200mg/kg, i.p/day),&nbsp; treated groups 1, 2 and 3 recieved cyclophosphamide ,(15mg/kg/day, i.p. + 100mg/Kg, 200mg/Kg and 400mg/kg&nbsp; HPE /day for 10 days, i,p). At the end of study blood samples were collected from heart directly. RBC, WBC, Hct, Hb and PL were meseaured. Data are presented as mean &plusmn; standard deviation and were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey tests. Results: The results indicated that cyclophosphamide caused damage on bone marrow, which in this case significantly reduced the number of blood cells and platelets in the group treated with cyclophosphamide (P<0.001). Blood parameters in the groups treated with HPE increased significantly compared with the group which received cyclophosphamide alone (P<0.001). Conclusion: The Hypericum perforatum hydoethanolic extract contains antioxidant and flavonoids compounds which could protect the bone marrow tissues against cyclophosphamide.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp

Study of Nigella sativa L. seed’s hydroethanolic extract on skin wound healing in male diabetic rats

Abstract Background and Aim: Skin wounds are a common complication of diabetes. The use of herbal medicines has had a beneficial effect on healing of the wound. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of hydrotanol black currant extract on skin ulcers in diabetic rats. Methods: The current experimental study was performed on 49 male Wistar rats (weighing 250-220 gr) in 7 equal groups. Healthy, untreated, healthy subjects received 1% phenytoin, healthy treated with aspirin (sham), untreated diabetic, diabetic groups (receiving 1% phenytoin, 20% and 40% hydrotagonal extract of blackcurrant). Diabetes was induced by Streptozotocin (60 mg / kg). After anesthesia, injuries were made in the 1 &times; 2 cm area at the back of each animal, and each group received the treatment for their entire healing until complete healing. Histological studies were performed on tissue samples. The area of ​​the wound was measured every three days once, and the data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test. Results: The mean wound healing time for non-treated diabetic groups and phenytoin-treated diabetics was 27 and 24 days, respectively. In healthy groups without treatment, the healthy phine thyinea hemorrhage was completed on days 23, 24 and 21, respectively. The shortest healing time was observed in diabetic groups treated with 20% (18 days) and 40% (15 days) black currant extracts. The two groups also had the lowest mean surface area of ​​the wound during the study period and the mean of the wound levels of the treated groups with the black yeast extract was significantly different from the control group (p<0.05). Conclusion: The extract of black currant has significant effects on the healing process of wounds in rats. Regarding the anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial properties of black cumin, it can be used to repair skin lesions. The antioxidant material in this plant accelerates the process of wound healing in comparison with conventional drugs. &nbsp

Study of antinociceptive effects of Pelargonium geraveolens L. leaves hydroethanolic extract in male mice

Running title: Anti nociceptive, Pelargonium graveolens Abstract: Introduction: Pain is a somatosensory sense that as an indicator to diagnoses for diseases . Pelargonium graveolens is known as a medicinal plant with use in traditional medicine. The aim of this study is to evaluate the analgesic effect of Pelargonium graveolens leaves extract (PGE) in male mice Material and Methods: In this experimental study, 42 male mice were divided in 6 groups (n=7). The control group(taking normal saline,0.25 ml, i.p), morphine group( 1mg/kg, i.p), treated groups with PGE at doses of 100, 200 and 600mg/kg and group induced with naloxone (0.1mg/kg, i.p) + 200mg/kg of PGE. In order to evaluate the analgesic effects of PGE the tail flick and writhing tests were used. The data for each test were compared with One-way ANOVA and Tukey's post test. Results: Our results showed that PGE (200 and 600 mg/kg) increased pain thershold compared with control group in writhing and tail flick test significantly (P<0.001). Conclusion: The PGE has anitinociceptive effects in male mice. This analgesic effect of Pelargonium graveolens extract probably related to its flavonoids composition which has effect on opioid system

Study Of Hepato Protective Effects Of Avicenniamarina Hydro Ethanolic Leaves Extract In Male Rats Induced With Carbone Tetrachloride

Background & aim: The inflammation and necrosis in hepatocyte causes disorders in liver functions when induced with toxins. Medicinal plants have hepatoprotectivity effects and can inhibit the heptotoxicity progressing in the liver. In this study the hepatoprotectivity effect of Avicenniamarina hydro ethanolic leaves extract (AME) were investigated in malerats induced with carbone tetrachloride. Methods: In this study, 42 male rats with 220-250 gr body weight were divided randomly in 6 groups (n=7): control, sham(taking olive oil, 2ml/kg/day, i.p),witness group(taking carbontetrachloride 1:1 with olive oil,2ml/kg, single dose, i.p) and treatedgroups: (1,2 and3inducedbycarbontetrachloride 1:1 with olive oil, 2ml/kg ,andafter2 hours 200, 400 and 800mg/kg&nbsp; AME /dayfor4 days,i.p).Thecontrolgroup (taking normal saline, 0.5ml/day,i.p). Aftertheexaminationthebloodsampleswerecollectedfromheartdirectly and albumin, total protein, totalbilirobin and liver enzymes wereanalyzed. Results: Carbon tetrachloride reduced serum albumin and total protein and increased total bilirubin in groups induced with ccl4 significantly (P<0.001). In treated groups serum albumin and total protein increased and total bilirubin decreased compared with witness groups significantly (P <0.05). CCl4 increased ALT, AST and ALP significantly and in treated group reduced significantly(P<0.001). Conclusion: The Avicennia marina hydoethanolic extract has antioxidant and flavonoids compounds. These materials could be able to protect the tissues, such as liver tissue, from toxic agentssignificantly

Effect of hydro-alcholic extract of Pelargonium graveolens L. on serum lipid profile in male rat

Background: Hyperlipidemia is considered as the major modifiable risk factor in the process of cardiovascular disorders. Pelargonium graveolens has several medicinal properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of hydro-alcholic extract of Pelargonium graveolens (EPG) on serum lipid profile in male rat. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, male Wistar rats (n=35, weight 180-200 gr) were divided in five equal groups: Control (normal diet); Sham1 and 2 high-fat diet(HFD) and HFDL (HFD + Lovastatin 20 mg/kg); Treatment groups 1 and 2 HFD + EPG (150mg/kg and 300mg/kg), respectively for 28 days. At the end of experiments, blood samples were collected directly from heart for serum lipid evaluation. All data were expressed as Mean&plusmn;SE at a statistical significance difference level of P&lt;0.05. Results: The data of this study showed that when compared to Sham group the consumption of EPG in animals fed by HFD, the serum levels of cholesterol, TG and LDL were decreased, while HDL was increased significantly (P&lt;0.001). Conclusion: The use of EPG can play an important role in decreasing serum cholesterol level and other serum lipids compared to Lovastatin. This finding may be attributed to the presence of antioxidants in EPG and their cholesterol synthesis inhibition mechanisms

Study of protective effect of Avicennia marina hydroethanolic leaf extract on testes tissue and spermatogenesis in male rat induced with carbon tetrachloride

Aim: The toxic chemical compounds are widelyused in the world. Carbon tetrachloride which is used in hygiene industries caused tissue disorders. Medicinal plants have protective effects in body tissues. In this study the protective effect of Avicennia marina leaf extract (MLE) on spermatogenesis in male rat were induced with ccl4 investigating. Method and materials: The 42 male rats with 220-250 gr body weight were divided randomly in 6 groups(n=7): control (taking normal saline,0.5ml/day, i,p ), sham(taking olive oil, 0.5ml/day, i,p single dose),group induced by ccl4(carbon tetrachloride 1:1 with olive oil,0.5ml single dose, i,p), treated groups: (1,2 and3 by carbon tetrachloride 1:1 with olive oil,0.5ml single dose and 200mg/Kg, 400mg/Kg and 800mg/kg MLE /day for 96 hrs, i,p). After the examination the blood samples were collected from heart directly and testosterone , FSH, LH , sperm count, sperm motility and GSI were analyzed and the microscopic studies of testes tissue were done. All data were expressed as mean±SEM. and statistical significance differences were accepted at P<0.05. Results: Our results showed that the carbon tetrachloride has necrotic effect in testes. The number of sperm and motility were increased and microscopic study of testes tissue showed the necrosis and inflammation with decrease in spermatogonia and spermatocytes comparedwith ccl4 induced only group significantly (P<0.001) and treated groups were no changed. Conclusion: the Avicennia marina hydroethanolic extract has antioxidant and flavonoids compounds which can protect the testes tissues from toxic chemical agents