Joint External Evaluation of the Health Sector in Tanzania:1999-2006

This is a historic evaluation. It is (probably) the first ever sector evaluation which is fully in line with the 2005 Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness: The evaluation was led by Tanzania’s Ministry of Finance and looks into an entire sector and the role and contributions of all domestic and external stakeholders including government authorities at all levels, civil society organisations, and the private sector in Tanzania; and all development partners, bilateral and multilateral. The aim is not limited to improving the performance of individual donors, but to feed into Tanzania’s Third Health Sector Strategic Plan covering 2008-15 and to give recommendations on how all stakeholders can best contribute towards \ud the plan. The Evaluation was carried out from December 2006 to September 2007 by a consortium of COWI, Denmark; Goss Gilroy, Canada; and EPOS, Germany. Team Leader was Ted Freeman of GGI, Canada. Six development partners: Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands and Switzerland were the major funders of the direct cost of the evaluation. The management of the evaluation was conducted by a management group comprising of Denmark, Germany and Tanzania.\u

Final Report:Health sector Public Expenditure Review(PER) update financial year (FY) 06

The Public Expenditure Review update for FY2005/06 (FY06) takes a slightly different form from previous years. A summary briefing paper was provided for discussion at the Annual Joint Heath Sector Review, while this later report has been provided as input to the Cluster PER and the budget process for FY2007/08. The change in timing had some negative consequences in that it overlapped with the final stages of the budgetary process for FY2006/07, making it more difficult than usual to access key individuals and data. Review of the PER findings and recommendations for FY05 found that there had been some progress in the area of lobbying for additional funds for that year’s budget, that it had been agreed to review the allocation formula for drugs and medical supplies, and that a tracking study on all drugs and supplies within the sector had been initiated. However, other recommendations had not been followed up, in part due to human resource constraints within the Department of Policy and Planning. Notable was the failure of the High Level committee on health financing, established during FY2003/04, to meet regularly and take forward the many issues in this area.\u

A macro-element based practical model for seismic analysis of steel-concrete composite high-rise buildings

This is the post-print version of the final paper published in Engineering Structures. The published article is available from the link below. Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. Copyright @ 2012 Elsevier B.V.Seismic behaviour of steel–concrete composite high-rise buildings, composed of external steel frames (SFs) and internal concrete tube (CT), with rectangular plan is investigated in this paper. A macro-element based model is established for seismic analysis of composite high-rise buildings aiming at predicting their global responses under earthquakes. By employing this macro-element based model, natural frequencies and vibration modes, storey and inter-storey drifts, overturning moments and storey shear forces of composite structures, induced by earthquakes, are able to be obtained with much less computation time and cost compared with using micro-element based analytical models. To validate its efficiency and reliability, the macro-element based model is employed to analyse a 1/20 scaled-down model of a 25-storey steel–concrete composite high-rise building subjected to simulated earthquakes with various intensities through a shaking table. Natural frequencies and storey drifts of the model structure are obtained from numerical analyses and compared with those from shaking table test results. It has been found that the calculated dynamic responses of the composite model structure subjected to minor, basic, major and super strong earthquakes agree reasonably well with those obtained from experiments, suggesting that the proposed macro-element based model is appropriate for inelastic time-history analyse for global responses of steel–concrete composite high-rise structures subjected to earthquakes with satisfactory precision and reliability. This research thus provides a practical model for elastic and inelastic deformation check of high-rise composite buildings under earthquakes.Ministry of Science and Technology of Chin

\ud Strategic Social Marketing for Expanding the Commercial Market of Insecticide Treated Nets in Tanzania\ud

\ud The Department for International Development (DfID) has been supporting the introduction of ITNs in Tanzania since January 1998. The social marketing of ITNs for malaria prevention in Tanzania was introduced at a national scale in 2000 through the project Social Marketing of Insecticide Treated Nets (SMITN), funded by DfID and the Royal Netherlands Embassy (RNE) and implemented by Population Services International (PSI). This report reflects the SMARTNET project performance since July 2002. The SMARTNET project started in 2002 then was extended in 2004 and continued up to June 30th, 2007. The SMARTNET project was aimed at reduction of infant and under-5 mortality rates. The purpose of the project was to attain the Abuja target of regular usage of insecticide-treated nets (ITN) by 60% of the Tanzanians at high risk of malaria (children under-5 and pregnant women). The project aimed to increase the commercial availability of nets, at affordable prices; establish a nation-wide culture of ITN use; raise the percentage of net treated effectively with insecticide; and establish and maintain a monitoring and evaluation system. Population Services International Tanzania was contracted by DFID and RNE. The project is supervised by the NatNets Steering Committee, under responsibility of the National Malaria Control Programme (NMCP), part of the Directorate of Preventive Services of the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare (MOHSW). The commercial sector distributes and sells nets through a retail network, which reaches most of the wards in Tanzania. Over the years the sale of nets has increased steadily and will probably reach 3.5 million nets by the end of this year. The TRaC survey (PSI’s monitoring tool) conducted in April 2007 reports that 63% (54%) of pregnant women and 69% (55%) of U5s slept under a net (ITN) the previous night. Through the SMARTNET project insecticide re-treatment kits (NGAO) are promoted and the project has been making the net treatment kits free of charge available to all Tanzanian net manufacturers (TNM), for bundling with new nets. Purchasers of nets treat their new nets at home. While the regular Ngao protects for six months, PSI has introduced a longer lasting net treatment product, called Ngoa ya Muda Mrefu, which sustains under laboratory conditions at least 15 washes. The retreatment kits are sold through a dense network of retailers throughout the country. By the end of 2004 the Tanzania National Voucher Scheme (TNVS) was introduced, which issues vouchers to women during their first antenatal visit to a health clinic. This scheme is funded through subsidies from the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, TB and Malaria (GFATM). With the voucher women can purchase nets at a strongly reduced price (an average of US $ 1.00) from an accredited retailer of nets. Through this voucher system over 2 million nets have been purchased so far. About 80% of distributed vouchers are redeemed. The TNVS is the necessary complementary activity to reach large groups of the population at risk and to bring the nets within reach of the majority of the poor in the country.\u