Quantifying the pathway and predicting spontaneous emulsification during material exchange in a two phase liquid system

Kinetic restriction of a thermodynamically favourable equilibrium is a common theme in materials processing. The interfacial instability in systems where rate of material exchange is far greater than the mass transfer through respective bulk phases is of specific interest when tracking the transient interfacial area, a parameter integral to short processing times for productivity streamlining in all manufacturing where interfacial reaction occurs. This is even more pertinent in high-temperature systems for energy and cost savings. Here the quantified physical pathway of interfacial area change due to material exchange in liquid metal-molten oxide systems is presented. In addition the predicted growth regime and emulsification behaviour in relation to interfacial tension as modelled using phase-field methodology is shown. The observed in-situ emulsification behaviour links quantitatively the geometry of perturbations as a validation method for the development of simulating the phenomena. Thus a method is presented to both predict and engineer the formation of micro emulsions to a desired specification

Quantitative Proteomics Reveals Middle Infrared Radiation-Interfered Networks in Breast Cancer Cells

Breast cancer is one of the leading cancer-related causes of death worldwide. Treatment of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is complex and challenging, especially when metastasis has developed. In this study, we applied infrared radiation as an alternative approach for the treatment of TNBC. We used middle infrared (MIR) with a wavelength range of 3–5 μm to irradiate breast cancer cells. MIR significantly inhibited cell proliferation in several breast cancer cells but did not affect the growth of normal breast epithelial cells. We performed iTRAQ-coupled LC–MS/MS analysis to investigate the MIR-triggered molecular mechanisms in breast cancer cells. A total of 1749 proteins were identified, quantified, and subjected to functional enrichment analysis. From the constructed functionally enriched network, we confirmed that MIR caused G₂/M cell cycle arrest, remodeled the microtubule network to an astral pole arrangement, altered the actin filament formation and focal adhesion molecule localization, and reduced cell migration activity and invasion ability. Our results reveal the coordinative effects of MIR-regulated physiological responses in concentrated networks, demonstrating the potential implementation of infrared radiation in breast cancer therapy

Primers used for RT-PCR and sequencing of XZ0934 in this study.

<p>Primers used for RT-PCR and sequencing of XZ0934 in this study.</p

Sequence homology between XZ0934 and five genotype JEV strains in structural gene.

<p>Sequence homology between XZ0934 and five genotype JEV strains in structural gene.</p

Phylogenetic analysis of XZ0934 and other flaviviruses constructed using complete genome sequences.

<p>Phylogenetic analyses were performed by the neighbor-joining method using MEGA version 4.0.2 software package (<a href="http://www.megasoftware.net" target="_blank">www.megasoftware.net</a>). Bootstrap probabilities of each node were calculated using 1000 replicates. Scale bars indicate the number of nucleotide substitutions per site.</p

Background information of 32 selected strains of Japanese encephalitis virus used in this study.

<p>Background information of 32 selected strains of Japanese encephalitis virus used in this study.</p

Phylogenetic analysis of XZ0934 and other JEV strains based on the nucleotide sequences.

<p>A) complete genome; B) C gene; C) PrM gene; D) M gene; E) E gene. Phylogenetic analyses were performed by the neighbor-joining method using MEGA version 4.0.2 software package (<a href="http://www.megasoftware.net" target="_blank">www.megasoftware.net</a>). The tree was rooted using Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVEV) strain MVE-1-51 as an outgroup. Bootstrap probabilities of each node were calculated using 1000 replicates. Scale bars indicate the number of nucleotide substitutions per site.</p

Background information of 14 selected strains of Flaviviruses used in this study.

<p>Background information of 14 selected strains of Flaviviruses used in this study.</p

Mosquitoes of Western Yunnan Province, China: Seasonal Abundance, Diversity, and Arbovirus Associations

<div><p>Objective</p><p>The western borderland between Yunnan Province, China, and Myanmar is characterized by a climate that facilitates year-round production of mosquitoes. Numerous mosquito-transmitted viruses, including Japanese encephalitis virus circulate in this area. This project was to describe seasonal patterns in mosquito species abundance and arbovirus activity in the mosquito populations.</p> <p>Methods</p><p>Mosquitoes were collected in Mangshi and Ruili cities of Dehong Prefecture near the border of China and Burma in Yunnan Province, the Peoples Republic of China in 2010. We monitored mosquito species abundance for a 12-month period using ultraviolet light, carbon dioxide baited CDC light and gravid traps; and tested the captured mosquitoes for the presence of virus to evaluate mosquito-virus associations in rural/agricultural settings in the area.</p> <p>Results</p><p>A total of 43 species of mosquitoes from seven genera were collected, including 15 <i>Culex</i> species, 15 <i>Anopheles</i> spp., four <i>Aedes</i> spp., three <i>Armigeres</i> spp., one <i>Mimomyia</i> spp., two <i>Uranotaenia</i> spp. and three <i>Mansonia</i> spp.. Species richness and diversity varied between Mangshi and Ruili. <i>Culex tritaeniorhynchus</i>, <i>Culex quinquefasciatus</i>, <i>Anopheles sinensis</i> and <i>Anopheles peditaeniatus</i> were the most abundant species in both sampling sites. Ultraviolet light traps collected more specimens than CDC light traps baited with dry ice, though both collected the same variety of mosquito species. The CDC gravid trap was the most effective trap for capture of <i>Culex quinquefasciatus</i>, a species underrepresented in light trap collections. A total of 26 virus strains were isolated, which included 13 strains of Japanese encephalitis virus, four strains of Getah virus, one strain of Oya virus, one strain from the <i>orbivirus</i> genus, and seven strains of <i>Culex pipien pallens</i> densovirus.</p> <p>Conclusions</p><p>The present study illustrates the value of monitoring mosquito populations and mosquito-transmitted viruses year-round in areas where the climate supports year-round adult mosquito activity.</p> </div

Compositional changes of <i>Cx. quinquefasciatus</i> and <i>Cx. tritaeniorhynchus</i> in total mosquitoes collected in Mangshi and Ruili, 2010.

<p>Compositional changes of <i>Cx. quinquefasciatus</i> and <i>Cx. tritaeniorhynchus</i> in total mosquitoes collected in Mangshi and Ruili, 2010.</p