1,510 research outputs found
Title VII and the FCN Treaty: The Exemption of Japanese Branch Operations from Employment Discrimination Laws
Dynamic removal of replication protein A by Dna2 facilitates primer cleavage during Okazaki fragment processing in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Eukaryotic Okazaki fragments are initiated by an RNA/DNA primer, which is removed before the fragments are joined. Polymerase d displaces the primer into a flap for processing. Dna2 nuclease/helicase and flap endonuclease 1 (FEN1) are proposed to cleave the flap. The single-stranded DNA binding protein, replication protein A (RPA), governs cleavage activity. Flap-bound RPA inhibits FEN1. This necessitates cleavage by Dna2, which is stimulated by RPA. FEN1 then cuts the remaining RPA-free flap to create a nick for ligation. Cleavage by Dna2 requires that it enter the 5'-end and track down the flap. Since Dna2 cleaves the RPA-bound flap, we investigated the mechanism by which Dna2 accesses the protein-coated flap for cleavage. Using a nuclease-defective Dna2 mutant, we showed that just binding of Dna2 dissociates the flap-bound RPA. Facile dissociation is specific to substrates with a genuine flap, and will not occur with an RPA-coated single strand. We also compared the cleavage patterns of Dna2 with and without RPA to better define RPA stimulation of Dna2. Stimulation derived from removal of DNA folding in the flap. Apparently, coordinated with its dissociation, RPA relinquishes the flap to Dna2 for tracking in a way that does not allow flap structure to reform. We also found that RPA strand melting activity promotes excessive flap elongation, but it is suppressed by Dna2-promoted RPA dissociation. Overall, results indicate that Dna2 and RPA coordinate their functions for efficient flap cleavage and preparation for FEN1
Alone Together
Les bibliothĂšques â et les Archives â françaises se sont modernisĂ©es. Elles ont gagnĂ© en efficacitĂ©, mais peut-ĂȘtre perdu en « sociabilitĂ© », une notion centrale dans la culture anglo-saxonne. Lâenvironnement matĂ©riel induit-il certaines pratiques de recherche ? HabituĂ©e de la BnF et des recherches en archives, une historienne amĂ©ricaine nous livre ses impressions Ă coeur ouvert
Preservice Generalist Teachers Enlightened Approach to Teaching Physical Education through Teacher Biography.
This paper describes a new learning experience, which was introduced following an examination of the literature regarding preservice primary school teachersâ (PPST) notions of their past experience in Physical Education (PE) (Elliott 2013). PPSTs were given the opportunity to recognise, reflect, interrogate and reframe a critical incident from their schooling in PE or Sport. This exercise was designed to enlighten students about their own schooling and the potential impact this event may have on pre-conceived ideas and opinions about teaching PE. Students (N=214) enrolled in off and on campus mode, of a preservice teacher education program in a university located in regional NSW, were asked to provide information about, and to analyse, an incident, either positive or negative that occurred in PE or Sport during their primary or secondary school years. In addition, students were encouraged to reframe the incident and to seek out alternative actions that could have influenced the outcome. The aim was to encourage reflection about how preconceived notions pertaining to PE might be dealt within their present position as a preservice teacher. The PPSTs scripts were analysed using the Leximancer text mining software (Smith, 2000). Findings from the analysis provided themes and concepts, which suggest a similarity for both, off and on campus, males and females. However, there are some subtle differences between the cohorts that may be due to an age or experience
Teacher Biography: SOLO Analysis of Preservice Teachersâ Reflections of their Experiences in Physical Education
Teacher biography, as a reflective practice, was implemented in the context of Physical Education in a primary teacher education course at a regional Australian university. Second year students were asked to provide descriptions of a critical incident they experienced at the primary or secondary level in a Physical Education or sporting context (N=214). Their responses comprised the data for this study and the Structure of Observed Learning Outcomes (SOLO) Model was used to determine the levels of complexity of the responses to âalternatives for actionâ associated with these incidents. More responses were multistructural (48%), than relational (24%), and unistructural (23%), with extended abstract (3%) and the least, were prestructural (2%). The responses varied for gender and mode of enrolment (on or off campus). The findings that one third of students developed higher order (relational or extended abstract) responses challenge teacher educators to consider strategies to extend critical reflections
Des contrats sous tension : rétablir la propriété aprÚs la Terreur
Cet article Ă©tudie lâhyperinflation (1791-1797), qui Ă©viscĂ©ra le patrimoine de la plupart des familles, et un remĂšde Ă celle-ci, aussi inattendu que controversĂ©Â : lâ« action en rescision pour lĂ©sion dâoutre-moitié ». Pendant que lâassignat tombait en-dessous dâ1 % de sa valeur nominale, des familles affolĂ©es vendirent boutiques, maisons ou domaines afin de survivre Ă la crise. Souvent, ces propriĂ©tĂ©s furent cĂ©dĂ©es bien en-dessous de leur valeur, conduisant les hommes de loi Ă ressusciter cette procĂ©dure ancrĂ©e dans la loi romaine. Elle accordait aux vendeurs le droit de demander Ă leurs acheteurs une rĂ©Ă©valuation du montant de la vente. Des dĂ©bats enflammĂ©s secouĂšrent la sociĂ©tĂ© française et remirent en question plusieurs milliers de ventes, notamment aprĂšs la loi du 19 florĂ©al an VI. Les 531 actions trouvĂ©es dans les archives des Yvelines tĂ©moignent de la fĂ©rocitĂ© avec laquelle les vendeurs poursuivirent leurs acheteurs. Au-delĂ de ces poursuites judiciaires, câest la notion mĂȘme de contrat qui Ă©tait en dĂ©bat : sa lĂ©gitimitĂ© procĂšde-t-elle de lâaccord des volontĂ©s ou dâune mesure de lâĂ©quitĂ©Â ?This article treats the hyperinflation (1791-1797), « which eviscerated most familiesâ patrimony, and a remedy, as unexpected as it was controversial, the lâaction en rescision pour lĂ©sion dâoutre-moitié ». While the assignat fell to less than one per cent of its nominal value, terrified families sold off shops, homes and farms to survive the crisis. Often, these properties were sold for less than half their value, causing lawyers to revive these suits with their roots in Roman law. The law allowed sellers to sue buyers for more money to « repair » the inadequate amount in the sales contract. The fiery debates of the legislators shook French society and threw many thousands of sales into question. The law of 19 florĂ©al VI reopened these suits and sellers seized on the possibilities that this legislation offered them. The 531 suits found in the archives of the Yvelines department attest to the ferocity with which sellers pursued their buyers. Far beyond these legal proceedings, this form of civil suit lay at the crossroads of discussions that animated the world of eighteenth-century jurists and that targeted key elements of any legitimate contract: Was it the « meeting of minds » or equity that rendered a contract legitimate? These suits, then, illuminate not only the shocking upheaval of the hyperinflation, but also the polemics that accompanied the development of the modern contract
Gender differences in renal responses to hyperglycemia and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition in diabetes
Gender differences in renal responses to hyperglycemia and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition in diabetes.BackgroundDiabetes mellitus reduces female gender-mediated protection against progression of renal disease but the mechanisms responsible for this loss of protection are unknown. The impact of gender on the diabetic hyperfiltration state has not previously been studied. Since hyperfiltration is a factor in the development of diabetic renal disease, and is influenced by hyperglycemia and renin-angiotensin system (RAS) blockade, we examined gender differences in the renal response to hyperglycemia and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition in young males and females with uncomplicated type 1 diabetes mellitus.MethodsTen male and 12 female normoalbuminuric, normotensive, adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus were studied before ACE inhibition during clamped euglycemia and hyperglycemia, and then after 21 days treatment with enalapril (0.1 mg/kg daily Ă 1 week and then 0.1 mg/kg twice a day Ă 2 weeks).ResultsDuring clamped euglycemia, males exhibited significantly higher effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and renal blood flow (RBF) and a lower renal vascular resistance (RVR). During clamped hyperglycemia, females exhibited reductions in ERPF and RBF, and increased RVR and filtration fraction (FF). Males exhibited no significant renal hemodynamic changes during hyperglycemia. After ACE inhibition treatment, both genders exhibited significant declines in arterial pressure, but only females displayed a reduction in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and FF.ConclusionThe renal responses to hyperglycemia and ACE inhibition appear to differ between male and female adolescents with uncomplicated type 1 diabetes mellitus. Hyperglycemia-induced changes in RVR and FF in women may account, at least in part, for the loss of gender-based protection in diabetic renal disease
Immunogenicity ofEscherichia coli O antigen in upper urinary tract infection
Immunogenicity ofEscherichia coli O antigen in upper urinary tract infection. The role of immunogenicity of the infecting organism (Escherichia coli) in the antibody response to O antigen in upper urinary tract infection was investigated Heat-killed vaccines were prepared from âimmunogenicâ organisms which had produced upper urinary tract infection associated with high titers of hemag-glutinating antibody to O antigen and ânonimmunogenicâ organisms which had produced upper urinary tract infection without a rise in antibody titer. âImmunogenicâ 06 vaccine produced high titers of antibody in patients regarded as possibly âpoor producersâ of antibody, but ânonimmunogenicâ 011 vaccine was not associated with a rise in titer in patients previously regarded as âgood producersâ. These vaccines were significantly different in immunogenicity (P < 0.05). Five vaccines were tested in 50 rats. The difference in hemagglutinating titers to O antigen between 06 and 011 was highly significant (P < 0.001). Immunogenicity of the infecting organism appears to be a significant factor in determining antibody response to O antigen in upper urinary tract infection.ImmunogĂ©nicitĂ© de l'antigĂšne O d'Escherichia coli dans les infections du haut appareil urinaire. Le rĂŽle de l'immunogĂ©nicitĂ© de l'organisme infectant (Escherichia coli) dans la rĂ©ponse immune Ă l'antigĂšne O au cours des infections du haut appareil urinaire a Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ©. Des vaccins tuĂ©s par la chaleur ont Ă©tĂ© prĂ©parĂ©s Ă partir d'organismes âimmunogĂ©niquesâ qui ont Ă©tĂ© responsables d'infection du haut appareil urinaire associĂ©es Ă des titres Ă©levĂ©s d'anticorps hĂ©magglutinants contre l'antigĂšne O et d'organismes ânon immunogĂ©niquesâ qui ont produit une infection du haut appareil sans augmentation du titre d'anticorps. Le vaccin âimmunogĂ©niqueâ 06 produit des titres Ă©levĂ©s d'anticorps chez des malades considĂ©rĂ©s comme de faibles producteurs d'anticorps et le vaccin ânon immunogĂ©niqueâ 011 ne dĂ©termine pas d'augmentation du titre chez des malades antĂ©rieurement considĂ©rĂ©s comme de âbons producteursâ. Ces vaccins diffĂšrent significativement en âimmunogĂ©nicitĂ©â (P < 0, 05). Cinq vaccins ont Ă©tĂ© essayĂ©s chez 50 rats. La diffĂ©rence dans les titres d'hĂ©mmaglutination vis Ă vis de l'antigĂšne O est trĂšs significative entre 06 et 011 (P < 0, 001). L'immunogĂ©nicitĂ© de l'organisme infectant parait ĂȘtre un facteur important dans la dĂ©termination de la rĂ©ponse immune Ă l'antigĂšne O au cours des infections du haut appareil urinaire
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