OVISNOST SREDNJIH TEMPERATURA ZRAKA U SVIJETLOM DIJELU DANA O DNEVNOM SREDNJAKU I DRUGIM TEMPERATURNIM VELIČINAMA

Danji srednjaci temperature zraka (za period od izlaza do zalaza Sunca) za mjesece siječanj, travanj, srpanj i listopad (1961-1980) na nekoliko lokaliteta u SR Hrvatskoi uspoređeni su s temperaturnim srednjacima koji se odnose na 24-satno razdoblje. Ustanovljeno je da su danji srednjaci temperature u promatranim mjesecima to veći od dnevnih srednjaka što su veće srednje dnevne amplitude temperature zraka. Statističkim metodama nađene su jednadžbe linearne i mnogostruke linearne regresije koje daju teoretske vrijednosti danjih srednjaka temperature zraka. Dobiveni su vrlo visoki koeficijenti korelacije. Zaključeno je da se danji srednjaci temperature mogu procjenjivati s velikom točnošću pomoću dnevnih srednjaka i pripadnih amplituda temperature zraka

OVISNOST SREDNJIH TEMPERATURA ZRAKA U SVIJETLOM DIJELU DANA O DNEVNOM SREDNJAKU I DRUGIM TEMPERATURNIM VELIČINAMA

Danji srednjaci temperature zraka (za period od izlaza do zalaza Sunca) za mjesece siječanj, travanj, srpanj i listopad (1961-1980) na nekoliko lokaliteta u SR Hrvatskoi uspoređeni su s temperaturnim srednjacima koji se odnose na 24-satno razdoblje. Ustanovljeno je da su danji srednjaci temperature u promatranim mjesecima to veći od dnevnih srednjaka što su veće srednje dnevne amplitude temperature zraka. Statističkim metodama nađene su jednadžbe linearne i mnogostruke linearne regresije koje daju teoretske vrijednosti danjih srednjaka temperature zraka. Dobiveni su vrlo visoki koeficijenti korelacije. Zaključeno je da se danji srednjaci temperature mogu procjenjivati s velikom točnošću pomoću dnevnih srednjaka i pripadnih amplituda temperature zraka

Kohlearna implantacija (u Srbiji i svetu) - istorijski razvoj

Introduction: There is more than 219000 cochlear implant users worldwide. Full social integration and mainstreaming of deaf people has become reality. Cochlear implant is a solution for severely and profoundly deaf persons who could not benefit from hearing aids sufficiently. Cochlear implant could be successful if selection criteria and candidacy are strictly followed. Objectives of the study: To review historic development of the idea on electrical stimulation of cochlea, achievements in cochlear implantation worldwide and development of cochlear implantation program in Serbia from 2002. to 2011. Material and methods: Review of literature dealing with historic development of cochlear implantation in Serbia and worldwide. Conclusion: Experts in the field of cochlear implantation have traveled a long way from the first attempt to stimulate human cochlea using single channel electrode and providing some hearing sensation (Djourno and Eyries, 1957) to the state of art implants with coding strategies which enable full speech discrimination. Cochlear implant consists of internal, implantable parts (implant, electrode, magnet) and external parts (Speech processor with microphone, receiver and battery pack). There are five cochlear implant centers in Serbia (3 in Belgrade, 1 in Novi Sad and 1 in Nis). Pre- and postoperative rehabilitation is conducted by trained teachers for deaf and speech therapists all over Serbia under constant monitoring by multidisciplinary teams in referent centers in Belgrade, Novi Sad and Nis. 'Cochlear implant is not a miracle per se but it enables miracles' (1994).Više od 219 000 gluvih osoba su korisnici kohlearnog implanta (KI) u svetu. Kohlearni implant je uređaj koji se sastoji od unutrašnjih, tj. implantabilnih (elektroda, magnet, predajnik) i spoljašnjih delova uređaja (govorni procesor, mikrofon, prijemnik, baterijsko punjenje). Ideja o eklektro-stimulaciji kohlee stara je nekoliko vekova, a razvoj tehnologije i uređaja koji se danas koriste počinje pre 50-tak godina (Niparka, 2000). KI ili elektronsko uvo je poslednja generacija pomagala za sluh. Namenjen je potpuno ili praktično gluvim osobama koje nemaju koristi od individualnih slušnih aparata. Sa primenom EHDI (Early Hearing Detetction and Intervention, Granodori, 1998) i prilikom za primenu KI u prvih dve godine života, kod kongenitalnih oštećenja sluha, mogućnosti za integraciju gluvih u čujuću okolinu i redovne edukativne tokove danas je realnost. Da bi kohlearna implantacija dala očekivane ili željene efekte, postoje selekcioni kriterijumi kandidata koje treba slediti. Cilj rada je da predstavimo istorijski razvoj ideje o elektro-stimulaciji kohlee, dostignuća u oblasti KI u poslednjih 50 godina u svetu i razvoj KI u Srbiji od 2002. do 2011.godine. Materijal i metod: Za izradu ovog rada poslužila nam je dostupna literatura koja se bavi istorijskim razvojem kohlearne implantacije u svetu. Osim toga, u radu će biti predstavljeni rezultati nekih istraživanja koje su autori rada obavili u periodu od 2005. do 2011.god. Zaključak: Od pokušaja elektro-stimulacije kohlee jednokanalnom elektrodom gde su kod pacijenata beležene 'neke slušne senzacije' (Dojurno i Eyries, 1957) do mogućnosti razumevanja spontanog govora (Howard, 2003) i potpune sposobnosti gluvih osoba za snalaženje u zvučnom svetu, naučnici i stručnjaci prešli su ogroman put. Centri za KI u Srbiji nalaze se u Beogradu, Novom Sadu i Nišu, a za re/habilitaciju posle KI u ustanovama koje zapošljavaju obučene surdologe u mnogim gradovima na celoj teritoriji Srbije. Referentene ustanove su u Beogradu, Novom Sadu i Nišu. 'Kohlerani implant nije čudo, ali omogućava da se čudo desi'(1994)

Razvoj programa ranog otkrivanja i intervencije kod kongenitalnog oštećenja sluha - skrining je nedovoljan

Introduction of systematic hearing check-upsin maternity hospitals - neonatal hearing screening, induced progress in early detection of congenital hearing loss. Average age at diagnosis and intervention is shifted from 30 months to 3 and 6 months respectively thus improving final outcome in hearing and speech functions tremendously. Early intervention in hearing impaired infant, using hearing aids or cochlear implants when necessary, during period of maximal CNS plasticity enables optimal achievements in auditory perception and speech and language similar to their hearing peers. The model of early hearing loss detection and intervention in Audiology Rehabilitation Department in ENT Clinic of Clinical Center of Serbia in Belgrade is reviewed. Apart from audiology controls in well babies who failed neonatal screening novorođenčadi, special attention is paid to population of babies and infants with risk factors for hearing impairment. Neonatal hearing screening (NHS) in well babies and neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of Gynecology and Obstetrics Clinic of Clinical Center of Serbia in Belgrade is done in two steps using transient evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAE). Each baby who NHS twice is referred to Audiology Rehabilitation Department for further audiological testing using pediatric battery (Behavioral Observation Audiometry-BOA, Transient Evoked Otoacoustic Emissions - TEOAE, Distortion Products Otoacoustic Emissions - DPOAE, Brainstem Evoked Response Audiometry - BERA, tympanometry, acoustic reflex measurements). BERA stimuli are tone bursts from 0.5 to 4 kHz at 40 dB. If the morphology and latencies of BERA waves are correct it is assumed that hearing thresholdis normal. Well babies are tested at the age of one month, three months and six months. If any risk factor is present periodic testing should be continued until 12 months of age. Infants with hereditary burden of familiar deafness should be followed up to 3 years of age and even longer when necessary. During six - month period, from June to December 2010. , 3271 babies out of 3635 newborns were screened (90%). Failure rate on the first screening was 9% (294/3271) and 5.3% (174/3271) respectively. Profound bilateral hearing loss requiring amplification and speech and hearing habilitation was detected in one child. A group of 23 at risk babies underwent complete audiological diagnostics without prior screening procedures. Two of them had significant hearing loss and additional 3 had auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder with next to normal behavioral thresholds. Neonatal hearing screening is initial step in early hearing loss detection and intervention (EHDI). Development of detailed protocols for neonatal hearing screening, early audiologic diagnosis and early intervention for congenitalhearing loss, along with national program, national database, technological support, family guidance and legislation are prerogatives of successful EHDI program. If diagnostic and habilitation protocols are consequently implemented congenitally deaf children could achieve their full potential.Uvođenje sistematskog pregleda sluha u porodilištu, neonatalnog skrininga, značajno je pomerilo vreme otkrivanja kongenitalnih oštećenja sluha. Ranije vreme dijagnoze i početka intervencije koje je sa 30 meseci pomereno na 3, odnosno 6 meseci, bitno je poboljšalo krajnji uspeh habilitacije slušanja i govora. Rana intervencija uz primenu slušnih amplifikatora, a po potrebi i kohlearnog implanta odvija se u vreme maksimalne plasitčnosti CNS, pa se time krajni rezultat u razvoju auditivne percepcije, govora i jezika približava normativima za čujuću decu. Prikazan je model rada u Klinici za ORL i MFH Kliničkog centra Srbije, gde se sprovodi sistem rane dijagnostike i rehabilitacije, kao i provera novorođenčadi koja nisu prošla na skriningu u porodilištu, kao i posebno praćenje novorođenčadi sa povećanim rizikom za oštećenje sluha. U porodilištu Ginekološko akušerske kli nike KCS se radi dvostepena provera TEOAE metodom. Dete koje dva puta ne prođe na jednom ili oba uva upućuje se kompletnu audiološku obradu u Odsek za audiološku rehabilitacju KCS gde se sluh proverava baterijom audioloških testova: BOA, TEOAE, DPOAE, BERA, timpanometrija, merenje akustičkog refleksa. BERA je rađena frekventno specifičnim stimulusima (tone burst) na 0.5, 1, 2 i 4 kHz intenzitetom od 40 dB, pri čemu je prisustvo svih talasa sa odgovarajućim latencijama za uzrast smatrano urednim sluhom. Prva audiološka provera se radi oko prvog meseca, a zatim se pregled ponavlja sa navršenih 3 i 6 meseci kod dece bez riziko faktora, a do godinu dana sa faktorima rizika. Deca gde u postoji hereditarno opterećenje u familiji prate se do navršene 3 godine, a po potrebi i duže. U periodu od 1.06.2010. do 1.12.2010. od 3635 novorođenčadi skriningom je obuhvaćeno 3271 (90%). Neuspešno je bilo na prvom skriningu 294 (9% a na drugom 174 (5.3%). Od 174 dece upućene na audiološku proveru, 59 (33,9%) je imalo neki od faktora rizika za oštećenje sluha.). Teško oštećenje sluha koje je zahtevalo amplifikaciju i habilitaciju slušanja i govora utvrdili smo kod jednog deteta. Takođe je urađena i kompletna audiološka obrada kod 23 bebe s faktorima rizika, koje su rođene u drugim porodilištima gde se ne radi skrining. Kod 2 bebe je utvrđeno senzorineuralno oštećenje sluha, dok su kod još 3 registrovani elementi auditivne neuropatije-disinhronije i pored uredne bihevioralne reakcije na zvuk. Neonatalni skrining otećenja sluha početna je karika u sistemu rane dijagnostike i intervencije kod kongenitalnog oštećenja sluha. Neophodno je dosledno sprovođenje dijagnostičkih i habilitacionih protokola da bi se postigli optimalni rezultati

Uticaj slušnih pomagala na auditivnu percepciju i neposredno verbalno pamćenje kod dece sa bimodalnom stimulacijom

Introduction: The combination of electric stimulation from cochlear implant (CI) with acoustic stimulation from hearing aid (HA), otherwise known as bimodal hearing, may provide several binaural benefits including binaural summation, binaural squelch, reduction of the head shadow effect, and improved localization. Purpose: This study investigated the influence of preoperative rehabilitation and bilateral HA use, bimodal stimulation post-implantation (CI on one ear and HA on the non-implanted ear) and hearing thresholds in the verbal short-term memory. Method: Immediate verbal memory test for Serbian language consisting of four subtests was used for auditory perception testing on 21 pre-lingually deaf children. Results: Duration of bimodal hearing proved to be significant in the terms of auditory perception and verbal short-term memory. Mid- and high-frequency amplified thresholds on the non-implanted ear were correlated with poorer perception and reproduction of monosyllables and nonsense words. Conclusion: Duration of bimodal hearing proved to be significant in the terms of auditory perception, speech reproduction and semantic ability. Patients with a unilateral cochlear implant who have measurable residual hearing in the non-implanted ear should be individually fitted with a hearing aid in that ear, to improve speech perception and maximize binaural sensitivity.Kombinacija električne stimulacije kohlearnog implanta (KI) i akustične stimulacije slušnog pomagala (SP), poznata kao bimodalni sluh, može imati razne binauralne prednosti koje uključuju binauralnu stimulaciju, binauralno sažimanje, redukciju eho efekta i unapređenje lokalizacije izvora zvuka. Cilj: U ovom istraživanju je ispitan uticaj preoperativne rehabilitacije i upotrebe bilateralnog slušnog pomagala, bimodalne stimulacije nakon implantacije (KI na jednom uhu i SP na neimplantiranom uhu) i pragova sluha u implantiranom i neimplantiranom uhu na auditivnu percepciju i verbalno kratkotrajno pamćenje. Metod: Za ispitivanje auditivne percepcije kod dvadeset jednog prelingvalno gluvog deteta korišćen je Test za ispitivanje verbalnog pamćenja za srpski jezik, koji se sastoji od četiri podtesta. Rezultati: Pokazalo se da je trajanje bimodalnog sluha značajno kod auditivne percepcije i verbalnog kratkotrajnog pamćenja. Povećani pragovi srednje i visoke frekvencije na neimplantiranom uhu bili su u korelaciji sa slabijom percepcijom i reprodukcijom jednosložnih i besmislenih reči. Zaključak: Pokazalo se da je trajanje bimodalnog sluha značajno za auditivnu percepciju, reprodukciju govora i semantičku sposobnost. Pacijentima sa unilateralnim kohlearnim implantom, sa merljivim rezidualnim sluhom na neimplantiranom uhu, trebalo bi ugraditi slušno pomagalo u to uho, kako bi se poboljšala percepcija govora i maksimizovala binauralna osetljivost

Counseling of deaf adolescent from inclusive education

Značajna oštećenja sluha više nego druga senzorna oštećenja imaju za posledicu društvenu izolovanost (Rutman, 1989). Poteškoće u svakodnevnoj komunikaciji sa prijateljima i porodicom dovode do smanjenja samopouzdanja i samopoštovanja. Redukovane socijalne veze i aktivnosti dovode do depresije, zatvorenost i usamljenosti (Knutson,& Lansing, 1990). Narušeno socijalno i govorno funkcionisanje mogu da kod osobe oštećenog sluha da isprovociraju osećanje” sa mnom nešto nije u redu”. Cilj ovog rada je da prikažemo iskustva i rezultate savetodavnog rada sa gluvim adolescentima uključenim u redovne škole (u inkluzivnom sistemu obrazovanja). Grupa je sastavljena od osam kongenitalno gluvih adolescenata, na uzrastu od 16 do 22 godine koji su završili redovnu osnovnu i srednju školu i stekli različite stepene stručne spreme. Svi članovi grupe bili su uključeni u ranu rehabilitaciju sluha i govora na Klinici za ORL i MFH Kliničkog centra Srbije, na odeljenju za Audiološku rehabilitaciju sluha i govora. Grupa je radila u periodu januar-decembar 2006. god, pod vođstvom D. Mirić. U radu su prikazana pozitivna i negativna zapažanja vođe grupe kao i impresije gluvih adolescenata, članova grupe. Adolescenti uspostavljaju dobre veze unutar same grupe i poboljšavaju kvalitet odnosa u porodici i socijalnoj sredini. Mnoge emocionalne probleme, nesigurnost, komunikacijske barijere, uspevaju da razreše zahvaljujući ovom obliku rada. Jedan član je bio samo na jednom sastanku i prekinuo dolaske. U naknadnim susretima sa ostalih sedam članova grupe dobili smo informaciju da svi žele da nastave sa savetodavnim radom. Savetodavni rad sa gluvim adolescentima koji su uključeni u redovan sistem školovanja (u inkluzivnom sistemu) pokazao je: - efekti rane rehabilitacije sluha i govora ogledaju se u osposobljenosti kongenitalno ili stečeno praktično gluvog deteta da se uključi i uspešno završi redovnu osnovnu, srednju, višu školu i faku ltet, tj da stekne različite stepene obrazovanja u skladu sa svojim sposobnostima i individualnim ambicijama; - redovna škola im je pružila kvalitetno obrazovanje ali u većini slučajeva, nije ništa uradila na poboljšanju odnosa vršnjaka i stručnjaka prema gluvoj i nagluvoj deci u njihovom okruženju; - raznolikost problema u društvenom, emotivnom i edukativnom delu života članova grupe omogućila su im razmenu iskustava koja je pomogla u rešavanju tih problema; - svi članovi grupe izrazili su želju za nastavkom rada, sem jednog člana koji je došao samo na jedan sastanak.Major hearing impairment cause social isolation more than any other sensory handicap (Rutman, 1989) Everyday obstacles in communication with friends and family diminish self confidence and self respect. Reduced social connections and activities induce depression, isolation and loneliness (Knutson, Lansing, 1990). Impaired social and speech function can make deaf person beleive that there is „something wrong „ with him or her. The aim of this research was to show the results from counseling mainstreamed deaf adolescents (inclusive education). The group consisted of 8 deaf adolescents aged 16 to 22 years enrolled in mainstream schools and universities with different educational achievements. All of the members in this group have been involved in early speech and hearing rehabilitation in Clinical Center of Serbia. Support group has been active from January 2006 until December 2006. Moderator of this group was Danica Mirić. Positive and negative observations of the moderator as well as impressions of the group members are presented in this paper. Adolescents have made good connections within the group and improved overall quality of relationships in family and social environment. A lot of emotional conflicts, insecurity or bariers were resolved due to support and counseling they have got in this group. Only one member of this group had discontinued participation in the meetings. The other seven members are still willing to continue activities in support group. Counseling of deaf adolescents from inclusive education within support group have revealed following results:- Early intervention in congenitally deaf children enables them to attend mainstream educational system and achieve educational level consistent with his capacity and personal ambitions. - Mainstream school have provided quality education, but slightly contributed to peer and professional attitude towards hearing impaired children. - Support group was importan for the excahnge of diverse experience and problem solving regarding social, emotional or educational issues. - Majority of members in support group was interested to continue group acitivities. A single member has shown just once and than dropped out of further activities

Counseling of deaf adolescent from inclusive education

Značajna oštećenja sluha više nego druga senzorna oštećenja imaju za posledicu društvenu izolovanost (Rutman, 1989). Poteškoće u svakodnevnoj komunikaciji sa prijateljima i porodicom dovode do smanjenja samopouzdanja i samopoštovanja. Redukovane socijalne veze i aktivnosti dovode do depresije, zatvorenost i usamljenosti (Knutson,& Lansing, 1990). Narušeno socijalno i govorno funkcionisanje mogu da kod osobe oštećenog sluha da isprovociraju osećanje” sa mnom nešto nije u redu”. Cilj ovog rada je da prikažemo iskustva i rezultate savetodavnog rada sa gluvim adolescentima uključenim u redovne škole (u inkluzivnom sistemu obrazovanja). Grupa je sastavljena od osam kongenitalno gluvih adolescenata, na uzrastu od 16 do 22 godine koji su završili redovnu osnovnu i srednju školu i stekli različite stepene stručne spreme. Svi članovi grupe bili su uključeni u ranu rehabilitaciju sluha i govora na Klinici za ORL i MFH Kliničkog centra Srbije, na odeljenju za Audiološku rehabilitaciju sluha i govora. Grupa je radila u periodu januar-decembar 2006. god, pod vođstvom D. Mirić. U radu su prikazana pozitivna i negativna zapažanja vođe grupe kao i impresije gluvih adolescenata, članova grupe. Adolescenti uspostavljaju dobre veze unutar same grupe i poboljšavaju kvalitet odnosa u porodici i socijalnoj sredini. Mnoge emocionalne probleme, nesigurnost, komunikacijske barijere, uspevaju da razreše zahvaljujući ovom obliku rada. Jedan član je bio samo na jednom sastanku i prekinuo dolaske. U naknadnim susretima sa ostalih sedam članova grupe dobili smo informaciju da svi žele da nastave sa savetodavnim radom. Savetodavni rad sa gluvim adolescentima koji su uključeni u redovan sistem školovanja (u inkluzivnom sistemu) pokazao je: - efekti rane rehabilitacije sluha i govora ogledaju se u osposobljenosti kongenitalno ili stečeno praktično gluvog deteta da se uključi i uspešno završi redovnu osnovnu, srednju, višu školu i faku ltet, tj da stekne različite stepene obrazovanja u skladu sa svojim sposobnostima i individualnim ambicijama; - redovna škola im je pružila kvalitetno obrazovanje ali u većini slučajeva, nije ništa uradila na poboljšanju odnosa vršnjaka i stručnjaka prema gluvoj i nagluvoj deci u njihovom okruženju; - raznolikost problema u društvenom, emotivnom i edukativnom delu života članova grupe omogućila su im razmenu iskustava koja je pomogla u rešavanju tih problema; - svi članovi grupe izrazili su želju za nastavkom rada, sem jednog člana koji je došao samo na jedan sastanak.Major hearing impairment cause social isolation more than any other sensory handicap (Rutman, 1989) Everyday obstacles in communication with friends and family diminish self confidence and self respect. Reduced social connections and activities induce depression, isolation and loneliness (Knutson, Lansing, 1990). Impaired social and speech function can make deaf person beleive that there is „something wrong „ with him or her. The aim of this research was to show the results from counseling mainstreamed deaf adolescents (inclusive education). The group consisted of 8 deaf adolescents aged 16 to 22 years enrolled in mainstream schools and universities with different educational achievements. All of the members in this group have been involved in early speech and hearing rehabilitation in Clinical Center of Serbia. Support group has been active from January 2006 until December 2006. Moderator of this group was Danica Mirić. Positive and negative observations of the moderator as well as impressions of the group members are presented in this paper. Adolescents have made good connections within the group and improved overall quality of relationships in family and social environment. A lot of emotional conflicts, insecurity or bariers were resolved due to support and counseling they have got in this group. Only one member of this group had discontinued participation in the meetings. The other seven members are still willing to continue activities in support group. Counseling of deaf adolescents from inclusive education within support group have revealed following results:- Early intervention in congenitally deaf children enables them to attend mainstream educational system and achieve educational level consistent with his capacity and personal ambitions. - Mainstream school have provided quality education, but slightly contributed to peer and professional attitude towards hearing impaired children. - Support group was importan for the excahnge of diverse experience and problem solving regarding social, emotional or educational issues. - Majority of members in support group was interested to continue group acitivities. A single member has shown just once and than dropped out of further activities

Receptive speech in early implanted children later diagnosed with autism

Introduction: Incidence of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is rising through the years with estimated 1 in 68 in the US in 2014. This incidence is also rising in the population of congenitally deaf children. Favorable outcome after early cochlear implantation is expected due to plasticity and reorganization capacity of brain in infants and toddlers, but outcomes could be significantly modified in children with diagnosed ASD. Current methods of screening for autism have difficulties in establishing diagnosis in children who have both autism and other developmental delays, especially at such an early age. The aim of the study was to assess the development of auditory perception and speech intelligibility in implanted children with profound congenital hearing loss who were diagnosed with ASD comparing to those who were typically developing. Material and methods: Fourteen children underwent cochlear implantation; four were later diagnosed with ASD and ten were typically developing. All children underwent intensive postoperative speech and hearing therapy. The development of auditory perception and speech intelligibility was assessed using the Categories of Auditory Performance (CAP) and the Speech Intelligibility Rating (SIR) during the 5-years follow-up. Results: In children later diagnosed with ASD, auditory processing developed slowly. Depending on the individual capabilities, by the age of six they could identify environmental sounds or discriminate speech sounds. Speech Intelligibility in children with ASD was at best rated as category 2, with very little or no progress up to the age of six, despite extensive speech and language therapy. Communication skills were strongly affected by a degree of autistic features expression. Conclusion: Preoperative psychological assessment in congenitally deaf infants should be expanded by the use of validated instruments for early detection of autism. The possibility of developing ASD should be kept in mind by all professionals involved in programs for cochlear implantation

Faktori koji doprinose razvoju komunikacijskih veština kod dece sa kohlearnim implantatima

Background/Aim. Over the last 10 years more than 300 persons received cochlear implant in Serbia and more than 90% of the recipients were children under 10 years of age. The program of cochlear implantation includes postoperative rehabilitation in which cognitive, integrative and developmental methods are used. The study was conducted to reveal factors affecting communication performance (CP) of cochlear implanted (CI) children. Special attention was focused on the influence of the duration and intensity of rehabilitation and hearing age on further development of communication skills. Methods. A group of 30 CI children (13 boys and 17 girls) aged 2 to 5 years was enrolled in the study. All of the children had average intelligence and no other developmental disorder. They lived in families and attended rehabilitative seances 3 to 5 times a week. Their parents/caregivers answered structured questionnaire about functioning after pediatric cochlear implantation (FAPCI) and the results were the subject of detailed statistical analysis. Results. Analysis of variance did not show any difference between the boys and the girls regarding FAPCI achievements (F (1, 28) = 2.909; p = 0.099) and age aberration in CP score (F (1, 28) = 0.114, p = 0.738). Correlation analysis showed a statistically significant difference in FAPCI scores related to hearing age and duration of rehabilitation. Regression analysis (enter method) showed that model consisting of indipendent variables significantly contributed to prediction of overall FAPCI scores and Adjusted R2 value could explain 32% difference in communication skills of participants in this study. Conclusion. Communication skills of CI children evaluated by FAPCI are falling behind normatives for normal hearing children 18.6 months on the aver-age. Hearing age, duration and intensity of rehabilitation have positive predictive value for communication skills development. Later identification of hearing loss and later cochlear implantation lead to delayed development of communication skills.Uvod/cilj. U poslednjih 10 godina, kohlearna implantacija (KI) urađena je kod oko 300 osoba u Srbiji, od kojih 90% čine deca ispod 10 godina. Program KI praćen je odgovarajućom rehabilitacijom u kojoj se koristi saznajni, integrativni i razvojni metod. Ovo istraživanje ispitivalo je faktore koji doprinose razvoju komunikacijske veštine (KV) kod dece posle KI. Posebno smo ispitivali doprinos dužine i intenziteta procesa rehabilitacije i slušnog uzrasta razvoju ovih sposobnosti. Metode. Ispitali smo 30 KI dece (13 dečaka i 17 devojčica) uzrasta od 2 do 5 godina. Sva deca bila su prosečnih intelektualnih sposobnosti, bez udruženih smetnji u razvoju, živela su u porodičnom okruženju, a bila su uključena u program rehabilitacije od 2 do 5 puta nedeljno. Instrument u ovom istraživanju bio je Functioning after Pediatric Cochlear Implantation (FAPCI) upitnik za roditelje/staratelje. Rezultati. Poređenje rezultata KI ispitanika dobijenih FA-PCI upitnikom sa normativima uspostavljenim za decu bez implantata pokazuju da razvoj njihovih komunikativnih veština (communication performance - CP) u proseku kasni 18,6 meseci. Među ispitanom decom nisu utvrđene statistički značajne polne razlike u CP, a one nisu zabeležene ni s obzirom na razliku u aberacijama u odnosu na uzrast u CP skoru (F(1, 28) = 0.114; p = 0.738). Rezultati korelacione analize pokazuju da je postignuće na FAPCI statistički zna-čajno povezano sa slušnim uzrastom i dužinom trajanja re-habilitacije. Rezultati regresione analize stepwise izdvajaju slušni uzrast kao jedini značajan prediktor ukupnog skora na FAPCI upitniku, a vrednost prilagođenog R2 pokazuje da se njime objašnjava oko 32% razlika u komunikacijskim vešti-nama ispitanika. Zaključak. Slušni uzrast, trajanje i intenzitet rehabilitacije pozitivno doprinose razvoju komunikativnih veština kod KI dece, dok kašnjenje u uspostavljanju dijagnoze i sprovođenju KI ometa ovaj aspekt razvoja

The applicability of species- and trichothecene-specific primers in monitoring the Fusarium graminearum species complex and its impact on the surveillance of fusarium head blight in winter wheat in Serbia

Monitoring changes in the prevalence of Fusarium species and toxin production is an important tool for the integrated control of Fusarium head blight (FHB). However, methods for the high-throughput screening of Fusarium populations have been developed using isolates with limited geographic origins. In this study, we used species- and trichothecene-specific primers to monitor the F. graminearum species complex (FGSC) originating from Serbia. We also tested the applicability of the primers to the surveillance of FHB. We analyzed two hundred and ten isolates collected from thirty two locations and five winter wheat varieties over a three-year period. Using multiple correspondence analysis (MCA), we investigated associations between Fusarium-damaged kernels (FDK) and location, variety, members of the FGSC, and their predisposition for mycotoxin production. The results revealed that the species-specific primers were not specific for 11% of the F. graminearum population. The primer sets were 98.5%, 95.2%, and 92.4% effective in the multilocus genotyping of Tri7, Tri3, and Tri5 genes, respectively. We found that individual wheat varieties were associated with isolates that could not be characterized using species- and trichothecene-specific primers. Alternaria spp. had a significant influence (p < 0.001) on grain infection with F. graminearum, indicating the necessity to further investigate its impact on the pathogenesis of the F. graminearum clade