The Development of an Instrument for Assessing Students' Perceptions of Biology Teachers' Instructional Use of Diagrams

Science teaching involves using scientific diagrams to explain important concepts, to provide visual images, or to motivate students. However, teachers often wonder if their use of diagrams is effective in helping students learn science. This study aimed to help science teachers evaluate how students perceive their use of diagrams during instruction. Subsequently, we adapted an instrument to measure students' perceptions of science teachers' instructional use of diagrams based on Tuan et al.'s (2000) Student Perceptions of Teachers' Knowledge (SPOTK) questionnaire. The adapted instrument initially had four categories - teacher's instructional practice in using diagrams; teacher's use of multiple forms of scientific representations; teacher's use of diagrams in assessment practices; and students' understanding of and competence in using scientific diagrams. The instrument was administered to 215 Australian high school biology students in Years 9-10. Following factor analysis, 20 items remained in the final instrument and three scales were extracted - Instruction with Diagrams, Assessment with Diagrams, and Students' Diagrammatic Competency. The reliability of the total instrument Students' Perceptions of Teachers' Use of Biology Diagrams was 0.91 and the reliability of each category ranged from 0.65 to 0.90. This instrument is specifically related to the diagrammatic usage in biology lessons and, hopefully, with further research can be generalised to other science lessons. Future research will investigate the relationship between teachers' instruction with diagrams and students' understanding of them

Frequent interaction and fast feedback predict perceived social support: Using crawled and self-reported data of facebook users

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Environmental and Genetic Contributors to Salivary Testosterone Levels in Infants

Transient activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis in early infancy plays an important role in male genital development and sexual differentiation of the brain, but factors contributing to individual variation in testosterone levels during this period are poorly understood. We measured salivary testosterone levels in 222 infants (119 males, 103 females, 108 singletons, 114 twins) between 2.70 and 4.80 months of age. We tested 16 major demographic and medical history variables for effects on inter-individual variation in salivary testosterone. Using the subset of twins, we estimated genetic and environmental contributions to salivary testosterone levels. Finally, we tested single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within ±5 kb of genes involved in testosterone synthesis, transport, signaling, and metabolism for associations with salivary testosterone using univariate tests and random forest (RF) analysis. We report an association between 5 min APGAR scores and salivary testosterone levels in males. Twin modeling indicated that individual variability in testosterone levels was primarily explained by environmental factors. Regarding genetic variation, univariate tests did not reveal any variants significantly associated with salivary testosterone after adjusting for false discovery rate. The top hit in males was rs10923844, an SNP of unknown function located downstream of HSD3B1 and HSD3B2. The top hits in females were two SNPs located upstream of ESR1 (rs3407085 and rs2295190). RF analysis, which reflects joint and conditional effects of multiple variants, indicated that genes involved in regulation of reproductive function, particularly LHCGR, are related to salivary testosterone levels in male infants, as are genes involved in cholesterol production, transport, and removal, while genes involved in estrogen signaling are related to salivary testosterone levels in female infants

Environmental and Genetic Contributors to Salivary Testosterone Levels in Infants

Transient activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis in early infancy plays an important role in male genital development and sexual differentiation of the brain, but factors contributing to individual variation in testosterone levels during this period are poorly understood. We measured salivary testosterone levels in 222 infants (119 males, 103 females, 108 singletons, 114 twins) between 2.70 and 4.80 months of age. We tested 16 major demographic and medical history variables for effects on inter-individual variation in salivary testosterone. Using the subset of twins, we estimated genetic and environmental contributions to salivary testosterone levels. Finally, we tested single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within ±5 kb of genes involved in testosterone synthesis, transport, signaling, and metabolism for associations with salivary testosterone using univariate tests and random forest (RF) analysis. We report an association between 5 min APGAR scores and salivary testosterone levels in males. Twin modeling indicated that individual variability in testosterone levels was primarily explained by environmental factors. Regarding genetic variation, univariate tests did not reveal any variants significantly associated with salivary testosterone after adjusting for false discovery rate. The top hit in males was rs10923844, an SNP of unknown function located downstream of HSD3B1 and HSD3B2. The top hits in females were two SNPs located upstream of ESR1 (rs3407085 and rs2295190). RF analysis, which reflects joint and conditional effects of multiple variants, indicated that genes involved in regulation of reproductive function, particularly LHCGR, are related to salivary testosterone levels in male infants, as are genes involved in cholesterol production, transport, and removal, while genes involved in estrogen signaling are related to salivary testosterone levels in female infants

Projections of temperature-attributable premature deaths in 209 U.S. cities using a cluster-based Poisson approach

Background A warming climate will affect future temperature-attributable premature deaths. This analysis is the first to project these deaths at a near national scale for the United States using city and month-specific temperature-mortality relationships. Methods We used Poisson regressions to model temperature-attributable premature mortality as a function of daily average temperature in 209 U.S. cities by month. We used climate data to group cities into clusters and applied an Empirical Bayes adjustment to improve model stability and calculate cluster-based month-specific temperature-mortality functions. Using data from two climate models, we calculated future daily average temperatures in each city under Representative Concentration Pathway 6.0. Holding population constant at 2010 levels, we combined the temperature data and cluster-based temperature-mortality functions to project city-specific temperature-attributable premature deaths for multiple future years which correspond to a single reporting year. Results within the reporting periods are then averaged to account for potential climate variability and reported as a change from a 1990 baseline in the future reporting years of 2030, 2050 and 2100. Results We found temperature-mortality relationships that vary by location and time of year. In general, the largest mortality response during hotter months (April – September) was in July in cities with cooler average conditions. The largest mortality response during colder months (October–March) was at the beginning (October) and end (March) of the period. Using data from two global climate models, we projected a net increase in premature deaths, aggregated across all 209 cities, in all future periods compared to 1990. However, the magnitude and sign of the change varied by cluster and city. Conclusions We found increasing future premature deaths across the 209 modeled U.S. cities using two climate model projections, based on constant temperature-mortality relationships from 1997 to 2006 without any future adaptation. However, results varied by location, with some locations showing net reductions in premature temperature-attributable deaths with climate change

Portable social networks: Interactive mobile Facebook use explaining perceived social support and loneliness using crawled and self-reported data

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페이스북은 우리의 삶을 행복하게 하는가? 대학생 집단에서 페이스북 읽기, 타인과의 상향비교, 삶에 대한 만족도의 관계

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Secondary Biology Teachers' Use of Different Types of Diagrams for Different Purposes

This study presents various ways in which secondary biology teachers incorporated diagrams in their classroom teaching. To understand biology teachers’ instructional use of diagrams, classroom observations were conducted in one state senior high school in Western Australia. A total of 120 lessons in Grades 9–12 taught by five biology teachers were analyzed to produce three assertions that illustrate the instructional practice of using diagrams in secondary biology classes. The research has demonstrated a variety of different ways that experienced biology teachers used diagrams in their teaching to engender student interest and understanding of biological concepts. These findings can be used to help other biology teachers develop a better understanding of the different roles and functions of different types of diagrams in teaching biological concepts

Alpha Glucosidase Inhibitory Activities of Plants with Focus on Common Vegetables

Type-2 diabetes mellitus is one of the most prevalent metabolic diseases in the world, and is characterized by hyperglycemia (i.e., high levels of glucose in the blood). Alpha-glucosidases are enzymes in the digestive tract that hydrolyze carbohydrates into glucose. One strategy that has been developed to treat type-2 diabetes is inhibition of the activity of alpha-glucosidases using synthetic drugs. However, these inhibitors are usually associated with gastrointestinal side effects. Therefore, the development of inhibitors from natural products offers an alternative option for the control of hyperglycemia. In recent years, various studies have been conducted to identify alpha-glucosidases inhibitors from natural sources such as plants, and many candidates have transpired to be secondary metabolites including alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, and terpenoids. In this review, we focus on the alpha-glucosidases inhibitors found in common vegetable crops and the major classes of phytochemicals responsible for the inhibitory activity, and also as potential/natural drug candidates for the treatment of type-2 diabetes mellitus. In addition, possible breeding strategies for production of improved vegetable crops with higher content of the inhibitors are also described